PAX(1) BSD General Commands Manual PAX(1)
NAME
pax -- read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies
SYNOPSIS
pax [-cdnvz] [-f archive] [-s replstr] ... [-U user] ... [-G group] ... [-T [from_date] [,to_date]] ... [pattern ...]
pax -r [-cdiknuvzDYZ] [-f archive] [-o options] ... [-p string] ... [-s replstr] ... [-E limit] [-U user] ... [-G group] ... [-T [from_date]
[,to_date]] ... [pattern ...]
pax -w [-dituvzHLPX] [-b blocksize] [[-a] [-f archive]] [-x format] [-s replstr] ... [-o options] ... [-U user] ... [-G group] ... [-B bytes]
[-T [from_date] [,to_date] [/[c][m]]] ... [file ...]
pax -r -w [-diklntuvDHLPXYZ] [-p string] ... [-s replstr] ... [-U user] ... [-G group] ... [-T [from_date] [,to_date] [/[c][m]]] ...
[file ...] directory
DESCRIPTION
The pax utility will read, write, and list the members of an archive file, and will copy directory hierarchies. These operations are inde-
pendent of the specific archive format, and support a wide variety of different archive formats. A list of supported archive formats can be
found under the description of the -x option.
The presence of the -r and the -w options specifies which of the following functional modes pax will operate under: list, read, write, and
copy.
<none> List. Write to standard output a table of contents of the members of the archive file read from standard input, whose pathnames
match the specified patterns. The table of contents contains one filename per line and is written using single line buffering.
-r Read. Extract the members of the archive file read from the standard input, with pathnames matching the specified patterns. The ar-
chive format and blocking is automatically determined on input. When an extracted file is a directory, the entire file hierarchy
rooted at that directory is extracted. All extracted files are created relative to the current file hierarchy. The setting of own-
ership, access and modification times, and file mode of the extracted files are discussed in more detail under the -p option.
-w Write. Write an archive containing the file operands to standard output using the specified archive format. When no file operands
are specified, a list of files to copy with one per line is read from standard input. When a file operand is also a directory, the
entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included.
-r -w Copy. Copy the file operands to the destination directory. When no file operands are specified, a list of files to copy with one
per line is read from the standard input. When a file operand is also a directory the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory
will be included. The effect of the copy is as if the copied files were written to an archive file and then subsequently extracted,
except that there may be hard links between the original and the copied files (see the -l option below).
Warning: The destination directory must not be one of the file operands or a member of a file hierarchy rooted at one of the file op-
erands. The result of a copy under these conditions is unpredictable.
While processing a damaged archive during a read or list operation, pax will attempt to recover from media defects and will search through
the archive to locate and process the largest number of archive members possible (see the -E option for more details on error handling).
OPERANDS
The directory operand specifies a destination directory pathname. If the directory operand does not exist, or it is not writable by the
user, or it is not of type directory, pax will exit with a non-zero exit status.
The pattern operand is used to select one or more pathnames of archive members. Archive members are selected using the pattern matching
notation described by fnmatch(3). When the pattern operand is not supplied, all members of the archive will be selected. When a pattern
matches a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be selected. When a pattern operand does not select at least
one archive member, pax will write these pattern operands in a diagnostic message to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit sta-
tus.
The file operand specifies the pathname of a file to be copied or archived. When a file operand does not select at least one archive member,
pax will write these file operand pathnames in a diagnostic message to standard error and then exit with a non-zero exit status.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-r Read an archive file from standard input and extract the specified files. If any intermediate directories are needed in order to
extract an archive member, these directories will be created as if mkdir(2) was called with the bitwise inclusive OR of S_IRWXU,
S_IRWXG, and S_IRWXO as the mode argument. When the selected archive format supports the specification of linked files and these files
cannot be linked while the archive is being extracted, pax will write a diagnostic message to standard error and exit with a non-zero
exit status at the completion of operation.
-w Write files to the standard output in the specified archive format. When no file operands are specified, standard input is read for a
list of pathnames with one per line without any leading or trailing <blanks>.
-a Append files to the end of an archive that was previously written. If an archive format is not specified with a -x option, the format
currently being used in the archive will be selected. Any attempt to append to an archive in a format different from the format
already used in the archive will cause pax to exit immediately with a non-zero exit status. The blocking size used in the archive vol-
ume where writing starts will continue to be used for the remainder of that archive volume.
Warning: Many storage devices are not able to support the operations necessary to perform an append operation. Any attempt to append
to an archive stored on such a device may damage the archive or have other unpredictable results. Tape drives in particular are more
likely to not support an append operation. An archive stored in a regular file system file or on a disk device will usually support an
append operation.
-b blocksize
When writing an archive, block the output at a positive decimal integer number of bytes per write to the archive file. The blocksize
must be a multiple of 512 bytes with a maximum of 64512 bytes. Archives larger than 32256 bytes violate the POSIX standard and will
not be portable to all systems. A blocksize can end with k or b to specify multiplication by 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively. A pair
of blocksizes can be separated by x to indicate a product. A specific archive device may impose additional restrictions on the size of
blocking it will support. When blocking is not specified, the default blocksize is dependent on the specific archive format being used
(see the -x option).
-c Match all file or archive members except those specified by the pattern and file operands.
-d Cause files of type directory being copied or archived, or archive members of type directory being extracted, to match only the direc-
tory file or archive member and not the file hierarchy rooted at the directory.
-f archive
Specify archive as the pathname of the input or output archive, overriding the default standard input (for list and read) or standard
output (for write). A single archive may span multiple files and different archive devices. When required, pax will prompt for the
pathname of the file or device of the next volume in the archive.
-i Interactively rename files or archive members. For each archive member matching a pattern operand or each file matching a file oper-
and, pax will prompt to /dev/tty giving the name of the file, its file mode and its modification time. The pax utility will then read
a line from /dev/tty. If this line is blank, the file or archive member is skipped. If this line consists of a single period, the
file or archive member is processed with no modification to its name. Otherwise, its name is replaced with the contents of the line.
The pax utility will immediately exit with a non-zero exit status if <EOF> is encountered when reading a response or if /dev/tty cannot
be opened for reading and writing.
-k Do not overwrite existing files.
-l Link files. (The letter ell). In the copy mode (-r -w), hard links are made between the source and destination file hierarchies when-
ever possible.
-n Select the first archive member that matches each pattern operand. No more than one archive member is matched for each pattern. When
members of type directory are matched, the file hierarchy rooted at that directory is also matched (unless -d is also specified).
-o options
Information to modify the algorithm for extracting or writing archive files which is specific to the archive format specified by -x.
In general, options take the form: name=value
-p string
Specify one or more file characteristic options (privileges). The string option-argument is a string specifying file characteristics
to be retained or discarded on extraction. The string consists of the specification characters a, e, m, o, and p. Multiple character-
istics can be concatenated within the same string and multiple -p options can be specified. The meaning of the specification charac-
ters are as follows:
a Do not preserve file access times. By default, file access times are preserved whenever possible.
e 'Preserve everything', the user ID, group ID, file mode bits, file access time, and file modification time. This is intended to be
used by root, someone with all the appropriate privileges, in order to preserve all aspects of the files as they are recorded in
the archive. The e flag is the sum of the o and p flags.
m Do not preserve file modification times. By default, file modification times are preserved whenever possible.
o Preserve the user ID and group ID.
p 'Preserve' the file mode bits. This intended to be used by a user with regular privileges who wants to preserve all aspects of the
file other than the ownership. The file times are preserved by default, but two other flags are offered to disable this and use
the time of extraction instead.
In the preceding list, 'preserve' indicates that an attribute stored in the archive is given to the extracted file, subject to the per-
missions of the invoking process. Otherwise the attribute of the extracted file is determined as part of the normal file creation
action. If neither the e nor the o specification character is specified, or the user ID and group ID are not preserved for any reason,
pax will not set the S_ISUID (setuid) and S_ISGID (setgid) bits of the file mode. If the preservation of any of these items fails for
any reason, pax will write a diagnostic message to standard error. Failure to preserve these items will affect the final exit status,
but will not cause the extracted file to be deleted. If the file characteristic letters in any of the string option-arguments are
duplicated or conflict with each other, the one(s) given last will take precedence. For example, if
-p eme
is specified, file modification times are still preserved.
-s replstr
Modify the file or archive member names specified by the pattern or file operands according to the substitution expression replstr,
using the syntax of the ed(1) utility regular expressions. The format of these regular expressions are:
/old/new/[gp]
As in ed(1), old is a basic regular expression and new can contain an ampersand (&),
(where n is a digit) back-references, or subex-
pression matching. The old string may also contain <newline> characters. Any non-null character can be used as a delimiter (/ is
shown here). Multiple -s expressions can be specified. The expressions are applied in the order they are specified on the command
line, terminating with the first successful substitution. The optional trailing g continues to apply the substitution expression to
the pathname substring which starts with the first character following the end of the last successful substitution. The first unsuc-
cessful substitution stops the operation of the g option. The optional trailing p will cause the final result of a successful substi-
tution to be written to standard error in the following format:
<original pathname> >> <new pathname>
File or archive member names that substitute to the empty string are not selected and will be skipped.
-t Reset the access times of any file or directory read or accessed by pax to be the same as they were before being read or accessed by
pax.
-u Ignore files that are older (having a less recent file modification time) than a pre-existing file or archive member with the same
name. During read, an archive member with the same name as a file in the file system will be extracted if the archive member is newer
than the file. During write, a file system member with the same name as an archive member will be written to the archive if it is
newer than the archive member. During copy, the file in the destination hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or
by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
-v During a list operation, produce a verbose table of contents using the format of the ls(1) utility with the -l option. For pathnames
representing a hard link to a previous member of the archive, the output has the format:
<ls -l listing> == <link name>
For pathnames representing a symbolic link, the output has the format:
<ls -l listing> => <link name>
Where <ls -l listing> is the output format specified by the ls(1) utility when used with the -l option. Otherwise for all the other
operational modes (read, write, and copy), pathnames are written and flushed to standard error without a trailing <newline> as soon as
processing begins on that file or archive member. The trailing <newline>, is not buffered, and is written only after the file has been
read or written.
-x format
Specify the output archive format, with the default format being ustar. The pax utility currently supports the following formats:
cpio The extended cpio interchange format specified in the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard. The default blocksize for this
format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device information about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may
be truncated by this format is detected by pax and is repaired.
bcpio The old binary cpio format. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. This format is not very portable and should
not be used when other formats are available. Inode and device information about a file (used for detecting file hard links
by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected by pax and is repaired.
sv4cpio The System V release 4 cpio. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device information about a file
(used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected by pax and is repaired.
sv4crc The System V release 4 cpio with file crc checksums. The default blocksize for this format is 5120 bytes. Inode and device
information about a file (used for detecting file hard links by this format) which may be truncated by this format is detected
by pax and is repaired.
tar The old BSD tar format as found in 4.3BSD. The default blocksize for this format is 10240 bytes. Pathnames stored by this
format must be 100 characters or less in length. Only regular files, hard links, soft links, and directories will be archived
(other file system types are not supported). For backwards compatibility with even older tar formats, a -o option can be used
when writing an archive to omit the storage of directories. This option takes the form:
-o write_opt=nodir
ustar The extended tar interchange format specified in the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard. The default blocksize for this
format is 10240 bytes. Pathnames stored by this format must be 250 characters or less in length.
The pax utility will detect and report any file that it is unable to store or extract as the result of any specific archive format
restrictions. The individual archive formats may impose additional restrictions on use. Typical archive format restrictions include
(but are not limited to): file pathname length, file size, link pathname length and the type of the file.
-z Use gzip(1) to compress (decompress) the archive while writing (reading). Incompatible with -a.
-B bytes
Limit the number of bytes written to a single archive volume to bytes. The bytes limit can end with m, k, or b to specify multiplica-
tion by 1048576 (1M), 1024 (1K) or 512, respectively. A pair of bytes limits can be separated by x to indicate a product.
Warning: Only use this option when writing an archive to a device which supports an end of file read condition based on last (or
largest) write offset (such as a regular file or a tape drive). The use of this option with a floppy or hard disk is not recommended.
-D This option is the same as the -u option, except that the file inode change time is checked instead of the file modification time. The
file inode change time can be used to select files whose inode information (e.g. uid, gid, etc.) is newer than a copy of the file in
the destination directory.
-E limit
Limit the number of consecutive read faults while trying to read a flawed archives to limit. With a positive limit, pax will attempt
to recover from an archive read error and will continue processing starting with the next file stored in the archive. A limit of 0
will cause pax to stop operation after the first read error is detected on an archive volume. A limit of NONE will cause pax to
attempt to recover from read errors forever. The default limit is a small positive number of retries.
Warning: Using this option with NONE should be used with extreme caution as pax may get stuck in an infinite loop on a very badly
flawed archive.
-G group
Select a file based on its group name, or when starting with a #, a numeric gid. A '' can be used to escape the #. Multiple -G
options may be supplied and checking stops with the first match.
-H Follow only command line symbolic links while performing a physical file system traversal.
-L Follow all symbolic links to perform a logical file system traversal.
-P Do not follow symbolic links, perform a physical file system traversal. This is the default mode.
-T [from_date][,to_date][/[c][m]]
Allow files to be selected based on a file modification or inode change time falling within a specified time range of from_date to
to_date (the dates are inclusive). If only a from_date is supplied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to or
younger are selected. If only a to_date is supplied, all files with a modification or inode change time equal to or older will be
selected. When the from_date is equal to the to_date, only files with a modification or inode change time of exactly that time will be
selected.
When pax is in the write or copy mode, the optional trailing field [c][m] can be used to determine which file time (inode change, file
modification or both) are used in the comparison. If neither is specified, the default is to use file modification time only. The m
specifies the comparison of file modification time (the time when the file was last written). The c specifies the comparison of inode
change time (the time when the file inode was last changed; e.g. a change of owner, group, mode, etc). When c and m are both speci-
fied, then the modification and inode change times are both compared. The inode change time comparison is useful in selecting files
whose attributes were recently changed or selecting files which were recently created and had their modification time reset to an older
time (as what happens when a file is extracted from an archive and the modification time is preserved). Time comparisons using both
file times is useful when pax is used to create a time based incremental archive (only files that were changed during a specified time
range will be archived).
A time range is made up of six different fields and each field must contain two digits. The format is:
[yy[mm[dd[hh]]]]mm[.ss]
Where yy is the last two digits of the year, the first mm is the month (from 01 to 12), dd is the day of the month (from 01 to 31), hh
is the hour of the day (from 00 to 23), the second mm is the minute (from 00 to 59), and ss is the seconds (from 00 to 59). The minute
field mm is required, while the other fields are optional and must be added in the following order:
hh, dd, mm, yy.
The ss field may be added independently of the other fields. Time ranges are relative to the current time, so
-T 1234/cm
would select all files with a modification or inode change time of 12:34 PM today or later. Multiple -T time range can be supplied and
checking stops with the first match.
-U user
Select a file based on its user name, or when starting with a #, a numeric uid. A '' can be used to escape the #. Multiple -U
options may be supplied and checking stops with the first match.
-X When traversing the file hierarchy specified by a pathname, do not descend into directories that have a different device ID. See the
st_dev field as described in stat(2) for more information about device ID's.
-Y This option is the same as the -D option, except that the inode change time is checked using the pathname created after all the file
name modifications have completed.
-Z This option is the same as the -u option, except that the modification time is checked using the pathname created after all the file
name modifications have completed.
The options that operate on the names of files or archive members (-c, -i, -n, -s, -u, -v, -D, -G, -T, -U, -Y, and -Z) interact as follows.
When extracting files during a read operation, archive members are 'selected', based only on the user specified pattern operands as modified
by the -c, -n, -u, -D, -G, -T, -U options. Then any -s and -i options will modify in that order, the names of these selected files. Then
the -Y and -Z options will be applied based on the final pathname. Finally the -v option will write the names resulting from these modifica-
tions.
When archiving files during a write operation, or copying files during a copy operation, archive members are 'selected', based only on the
user specified pathnames as modified by the -n, -u, -D, -G, -T, and -U options (the -D option only applies during a copy operation). Then
any -s and -i options will modify in that order, the names of these selected files. Then during a copy operation the -Y and the -Z options
will be applied based on the final pathname. Finally the -v option will write the names resulting from these modifications.
When one or both of the -u or -D options are specified along with the -n option, a file is not considered selected unless it is newer than
the file to which it is compared.
EXAMPLES
The command:
pax -w -f /dev/sa0 .
copies the contents of the current directory to the device /dev/sa0.
The command:
pax -v -f filename
gives the verbose table of contents for an archive stored in filename.
The following commands:
mkdir /tmp/to
cd /tmp/from
pax -rw . /tmp/to
will copy the entire /tmp/from directory hierarchy to /tmp/to.
The command:
pax -r -s ',^//*usr//*,,' -f a.pax
reads the archive a.pax, with all files rooted in ``/usr'' into the archive extracted relative to the current directory.
The command:
pax -rw -i . dest_dir
can be used to interactively select the files to copy from the current directory to dest_dir.
The command:
pax -r -pe -U root -G bin -f a.pax
will extract all files from the archive a.pax which are owned by root with group bin and will preserve all file permissions.
The command:
pax -r -w -v -Y -Z home /backup
will update (and list) only those files in the destination directory /backup which are older (less recent inode change or file modification
times) than files with the same name found in the source file tree home.
STANDARDS
The pax utility is a superset of the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard. The options -z, -B, -D, -E, -G, -H, -L, -P, -T, -U, -Y, -Z, the
archive formats bcpio, sv4cpio, sv4crc, tar, and the flawed archive handling during list and read operations are extensions to the POSIX
standard.
SEE ALSO
cpio(1), tar(1)
HISTORY
The pax utility appeared in 4.4BSD.
AUTHORS
Keith Muller at the University of California, San Diego
DIAGNOSTICS
The pax utility will exit with one of the following values:
0 All files were processed successfully.
1 An error occurred.
Whenever pax cannot create a file or a link when reading an archive or cannot find a file when writing an archive, or cannot preserve the
user ID, group ID, or file mode when the -p option is specified, a diagnostic message is written to standard error and a non-zero exit status
will be returned, but processing will continue. In the case where pax cannot create a link to a file, pax will not create a second copy of
the file.
If the extraction of a file from an archive is prematurely terminated by a signal or error, pax may have only partially extracted a file the
user wanted. Additionally, the file modes of extracted files and directories may have incorrect file bits, and the modification and access
times may be wrong.
If the creation of an archive is prematurely terminated by a signal or error, pax may have only partially created the archive which may vio-
late the specific archive format specification.
If while doing a copy, pax detects a file is about to overwrite itself, the file is not copied, a diagnostic message is written to standard
error and when pax completes it will exit with a non-zero exit status.
BSD
April 18, 1994 BSD