trbsd(1) General Commands Manual trbsd(1)
NAME
trbsd - Translates characters
SYNOPSIS
trbsd [-Acs] string1 string2
trbsd -d [-Ac] string1
The trbsd command copies characters from the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters.
OPTIONS
Translates on a byte-by-byte basis. When you specify this option, trbsd does not support extended characters. Complements (inverts) the
set of characters in string1 with respect to the universe of characters whose codes are 001 through 377 octal if you specify -A, and all
characters if you do not specify -A. Deletes all characters in string1 from output. Changes characters that are repeated output charac-
ters in string2 into single characters.
DESCRIPTION
Input characters from string1 are replaced with the corresponding characters in string2. The trbsd command cannot handle an ASCII NUL
( 00) in string1 or string2; it always deletes NUL from the input.
The tr command is a System V compatible version of trbsd.
Abbreviations such as a-z, standing for a string of characters whose ASCII codes run from character a to character z, inclusive, can be
used to introduce ranges of characters. Note that brackets are not special characters.
Use the escape character (backslash) to remove the special meaning from any character in a string. Use the followed by 1, 2, or 3
octal digits for the code of a character.
If a given character appears more than once in string1, the character in string2 corresponding to its last appearance in string1 will be
used in the translation.
EXAMPLES
To translate braces into parentheses, enter: trbsd '{}' '()' <textfile >newfile
This translates each { (left brace) to a ( (left parenthesis) and each } (right brace) to a ) (right parenthesis). All other char-
acters remain unchanged. To translate lowercase ASCII characters to uppercase, enter: trbsd a-z A-Z <textfile >newfile The two
strings can be of different lengths: trbsd 0-9 # <textfile >newfile
This translates each digit to a # (number sign); if string2 is too short, it is padded to the length of string1 by duplicating its
last character. To translate each string of digits to a single # (number sign), enter: trbsd -s 0-9 # <textfile >newfile To trans-
late all ASCII characters that are not specified, enter: trbsd -c ' -~' 'A-_' <textfile >newfile
This translates each nonprinting ASCII character to the corresponding control key letter ( 01 translates to A, 02 to B, and so
on). ASCII DEL (177), the character that follows ~ (tilde), translates to a ? (question mark).
SEE ALSO
Commands: ed(1), sh(1), tr(1)
Files: ascii(5)
trbsd(1)
Check Out this Related Man Page
tr(1) User Commands tr(1)
NAME
tr - translate characters
SYNOPSIS
/usr/bin/tr [-cs] string1 string2
/usr/bin/tr -s | -d [-c] string1
/usr/bin/tr -ds [-c] string1 string2
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr [-cs] string1 string2
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr -s | -d [-c] string1
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr -ds [-c] string1 string2
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr [-c | -C] [-s] string1 string2
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr -s [-c | -C] string1
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr -d [-c | -C] string1
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr -ds [-c | -C] string1 string2
DESCRIPTION
The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters. The options specified
and the string1 and string2 operands control translations that occur while copying characters and single-character collating elements.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-c Complements the set of values specified by string1.
-C Complements the set of characters specified by string1.
-d Deletes all occurrences of input characters that are specified by string1.
-s Replaces instances of repeated characters with a single character.
When the -d option is not specified:
o Each input character found in the array specified by string1 is replaced by the character in the same relative position in the array
specified by string2. When the array specified by string2 is shorter than the one specified by string1, the results are unspecified.
o If the -c option is specified, the complements of the values specified by string1 are placed in the array in ascending order by binary
value.
o If the -C option is specified, the complements of the characters specified by string1 (the set of all characters in the current char-
acter set, as defined by the current setting of LC_CTYPE, except for those actually specified in the string1 operand) are placed in
the array in ascending collation sequence, as defined by the current setting of LC_COLLATE.
o Because the order in which characters specified by character class expressions or equivalence class expressions is undefined, such
expressions should only be used if the intent is to map several characters into one. An exception is case conversion, as described
previously.
When the -d option is specified:
o Input characters found in the array specified by string1 are deleted.
o When the -C option is specified with -d, all values except those specified by string1 are deleted. The contents of string2 are
ignored, unless the -s option is also specified.
o If the -c option is specified, the complements of the values specified by string1 are placed in the array in ascending order by binary
value.
o The same string cannot be used for both the -d and the -s option. When both options are specified, both string1 (used for deletion)
and string2 (used for squeezing) are required.
When the -s option is specified, after any deletions or translations have taken place, repeated sequences of the same character will be
replaced by one occurrence of the same character, if the character is found in the array specified by the last operand. If the last operand
contains a character class, such as the following example:
tr -s '[:space:]'
the last operand's array will contain all of the characters in that character class. However, in a case conversion, as described previ-
ously, such as
tr -s '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
the last operand's array will contain only those characters defined as the second characters in each of the toupper or tolower character
pairs, as appropriate. (See toupper(3C) and tolower(3C)).
An empty string used for string1 or string2 produces undefined results.
OPERANDS
The following operands are supported:
string1 Translation control strings. Each string represents a set of characters to be converted into an array of characters used
string2 for the translation.
The operands string1 and string2 (if specified) define two arrays of characters. The constructs in the following list can be used to spec-
ify characters or single-character collating elements. If any of the constructs result in multi-character collating elements, tr excludes,
without a diagnostic, those multi-character elements from the resulting array.
character Any character not described by one of the conventions below represents itself.
octal Octal sequences can be used to represent characters with specific coded values. An octal sequence consists of a backslash
followed by the longest sequence of one-, two-, or three-octal-digit characters(01234567). The sequence causes the charac-
ter whose encoding is represented by the one-, two- or three-digit octal integer to be placed into the array. Multi-byte
characters require multiple, concatenated escape sequences of this type, including the leading for each byte.
character The backslash-escape sequences a, , f,
,
, , and v are supported. The results of using any other character,
other than an octal digit, following the backslash are unspecified.
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr
c-c
/usr/bin/tr
[c-c] Represents the range of collating elements between the range endpoints, inclusive, as defined by the current setting of the
LC_COLLATE locale category. The starting endpoint must precede the second endpoint in the current collation order. The
characters or collating elements in the range are placed in the array in ascending collation sequence.
[:class:] Represents all characters belonging to the defined character class, as defined by the current setting of the LC_CTYPE
locale category. The following character class names are accepted when specified in string1:
alnum blank digit lower punct upper
alpha cntrl graph print space xdigit
In addition, character class expressions of the form [:name:] are recognized in those locales where the name keyword has
been given a charclass definition in the LC_CTYPE category.
Note: /usr/bin/tr supports character class expressions only in singlebyte locales. Use /usr/xpg4/bin/tr to support these
expressions in any locale.
When both the -d and -s options are specified, any of the character class names are accepted in string2. Otherwise, only
character class names lower or upper are valid in string2 and then only if the corresponding character class upper and
lower, respectively, is specified in the same relative position in string1. Such a specification is interpreted as a
request for case conversion. When [:lower:] appears in string1 and [:upper:] appears in string2, the arrays contain the
characters from the toupper mapping in the LC_CTYPE category of the current locale. When [:upper:] appears in string1 and
[:lower:] appears in string2, the arrays contain the characters from the tolower mapping in the LC_CTYPE category of the
current locale. The first character from each mapping pair is in the array for string1 and the is in the array for string2
in the same relative position.
Except for case conversion, the characters specified by a character class expression are placed in the array in an unspeci-
fied order.
If the name specified for class does not define a valid character class in the current locale, the behavior is undefined.
[=equiv=] Represents all characters or collating elements belonging to the same equivalence class as equiv, as defined by the current
setting of the LC_COLLATE locale category. An equivalence class expression is allowed only in string1, or in string2 when
it is being used by the combined -d and -s options. The characters belonging to the equivalence class are placed in the
array in an unspecified order.
[x*n] Represents n repeated occurrences of the character x. Because this expression is used to map multiple characters to one, it
is only valid when it occurs in string2. If n is omitted or is 0, it is interpreted as large enough to extend the
string2-based sequence to the length of the string1-based sequence. If n has a leading 0, it is interpreted as an octal
value. Otherwise, it is interpreted as a decimal value.
USAGE
See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of tr when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Creating a list of words
The following example creates a list of all words in file1, one per line in file2, where a word is taken to be a maximal string of letters.
tr -cs "[:alpha:]" "[
*]" <file1 >file2
Example 2: Translating characters
This example translates all lower-case characters in file1 to upper-case and writes the results to standard output.
tr "[:lower:]" "[:upper:]" <file1
Notice that the caveat expressed in the corresponding example in XPG3 is no longer in effect. This case conversion is now a special case
that employs the tolower and toupper classifications, ensuring that proper mapping is accomplished (when the locale is correctly defined).
Example 3: Identifying equivalent characters
This example uses an equivalence class to identify accented variants of the base character e in file1, which are stripped of diacritical
marks and written to file2.
tr "[=e=]" e <file1 >file2
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
See environ(5) for descriptions of the following environment variables that affect the execution of tr: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE, LC_CTYPE,
LC_MESSAGES, and NLSPATH.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values are returned:
0 All input was processed successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
/usr/bin/tr
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Availability |SUNWcsu |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|CSI |Not enabled |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
/usr/xpg4/bin/tr
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Availability |SUNWxcu4 |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|CSI |Enabled |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Interface Stability |Standard |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
/usr/xpg6/bin/tr
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Availability |SUNWxcu6 |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|CSI |Enabled |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Interface Stability |Standard |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
SEE ALSO
ed(1), sed(1), sh(1), tolower(3C), toupper(3C), ascii(5), attributes(5), environ(5), largefile(5), standards(5)
NOTES
Unlike some previous versions, /usr/xpg4/bin/tr correctly processes NUL characters in its input stream. NUL characters can be stripped by
using tr -d ' 00'.
SunOS 5.10 13 Aug 2003 tr(1)