02-10-2020
Well, that's interesting. I see from searching for "File Descriptor" that it refers to an integer that in turn refers to a 'file' (or a byte stream) for a process on a Unix system. I guess the only other thing I would like to know now is how to know whether the "&" is needed at a particular point on the command line. As we have it "2" indicated stderr, but "1" indicated a file named 1, and "&1" indicated stdout. How would I know when to include "&"?
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see this
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return the cointent of Files
but
cat files
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this command
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LEARN ABOUT BSD
setbuffer
SETBUF(3S) SETBUF(3S)
NAME
setbuf, setbuffer, setlinebuf - assign buffering to a stream
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
setbuf(stream, buf)
FILE *stream;
char *buf;
setbuffer(stream, buf, size)
FILE *stream;
char *buf;
int size;
setlinebuf(stream)
FILE *stream;
DESCRIPTION
The three types of buffering available are unbuffered, block buffered, and line buffered. When an output stream is unbuffered, information
appears on the destination file or terminal as soon as written; when it is block buffered many characters are saved up and written as a
block; when it is line buffered characters are saved up until a newline is encountered or input is read from stdin. Fflush (see
fclose(3S)) may be used to force the block out early. Normally all files are block buffered. A buffer is obtained from malloc(3) upon the
first getc or putc(3S) on the file. If the standard stream stdout refers to a terminal it is line buffered. The standard stream stderr is
always unbuffered.
Setbuf is used after a stream has been opened but before it is read or written. The character array buf is used instead of an automati-
cally allocated buffer. If buf is the constant pointer NULL, input/output will be completely unbuffered. A manifest constant BUFSIZ tells
how big an array is needed:
char buf[BUFSIZ];
Setbuffer, an alternate form of setbuf, is used after a stream has been opened but before it is read or written. The character array buf
whose size is determined by the size argument is used instead of an automatically allocated buffer. If buf is the constant pointer NULL,
input/output will be completely unbuffered.
Setlinebuf is used to change stdout or stderr from block buffered or unbuffered to line buffered. Unlike setbuf and setbuffer it can be
used at any time that the file descriptor is active.
A file can be changed from unbuffered or line buffered to block buffered by using freopen (see fopen(3S)). A file can be changed from
block buffered or line buffered to unbuffered by using freopen followed by setbuf with a buffer argument of NULL.
SEE ALSO
fopen(3S), getc(3S), putc(3S), malloc(3), fclose(3S), puts(3S), printf(3S), fread(3S)
BUGS
The standard error stream should be line buffered by default.
The setbuffer and setlinebuf functions are not portable to non-4.2BSD versions of UNIX. On 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD systems, setbuf always uses a
suboptimal buffer size and should be avoided. Setbuffer is not usually needed as the default file I/O buffer sizes are optimal.
4th Berkeley Distribution May 12, 1986 SETBUF(3S)