10-05-2012
I can't think of anything else like Ubuntu. It's not even like most Linux.
The rest of those questions are too vague to give useful answers to unfortunately.
How the many, many different kinds of UNIX and Linux are alike is the environment they provide to application programmers. The Bourne shell and a clutter of standard utilities to use with it. The open() close() socket() system calls. Standard input and output streams for processes. Device files under /dev/. The standard C library. Filesystems with a root at / and other partitions mounted wherever appropriate instead of drive letters, etc, etc, etc.
How you manage these systems, though, can be very different.
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HD(4) Linux Programmer's Manual HD(4)
NAME
hd - MFM/IDE hard disk devices
DESCRIPTION
The hd* devices are block devices to access MFM/IDE hard disk drives in raw mode. The master drive on the primary IDE controller (major
device number 3) is hda; the slave drive is hdb. The master drive of the second controller (major device number 22) is hdc and the slave
hdd.
General IDE block device names have the form hdX, or hdXP, where X is a letter denoting the physical drive, and P is a number denoting the
partition on that physical drive. The first form, hdX, is used to address the whole drive. Partition numbers are assigned in the order
the partitions are discovered, and only non-empty, non-extended partitions get a number. However, partition numbers 1-4 are given to the
four partitions described in the MBR (the `primary' partitions), regardless of whether they are unused or extended. Thus, the first logi-
cal partition will be hdX5. Both DOS-type partitioning and BSD-disklabel partitioning are supported. You can have at most 63 partitions
on an IDE disk.
For example, /dev/hda refers to all of the first IDE drive in the system; and /dev/hdb3 refers to the third DOS `primary' partition on the
second one.
They are typically created by:
mknod -m 660 /dev/hda b 3 0
mknod -m 660 /dev/hda1 b 3 1
mknod -m 660 /dev/hda2 b 3 2
...
mknod -m 660 /dev/hda8 b 3 8
mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb b 3 64
mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb1 b 3 65
mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb2 b 3 66
...
mknod -m 660 /dev/hdb8 b 3 72
chown root:disk /dev/hd*
FILES
/dev/hd*
SEE ALSO
mknod(1), chown(1), mount(8), sd(4)
Linux 1992-12-17 HD(4)