CHMOD(1)						      General Commands Manual							  CHMOD(1)

NAME

       chmod - change mode

SYNOPSIS

       chmod [ -Rf ] mode file ...

DESCRIPTION

       The  mode  of  each  named  file is changed according to mode, which may be absolute or symbolic.  An absolute mode is an octal number con-
       structed from the OR of the following modes:

       4000	 set user ID on execution
       2000	 set group ID on execution
       1000	 sticky bit, see chmod(2)
       0400	 read by owner
       0200	 write by owner
       0100	 execute (search in directory) by owner
       0070	 read, write, execute (search) by group
       0007	 read, write, execute (search) by others

       A symbolic mode has the form:

	      [who] op permission [op permission] ...

       The who part is a combination of the letters u (for user's permissions), g (group) and o (other).  The letter a stands for all, or ugo.	If
       who is omitted, the default is a but the setting of the file creation mask (see umask(2)) is taken into account.

       Op  can	be + to add permission to the file's mode, - to take away permission and = to assign permission absolutely (all other bits will be
       reset).

       Permission is any combination of the letters r (read), w (write), x (execute), X (set execute only if file is a	directory  or  some  other
       execute bit is set), s (set owner or group id) and t (save text - sticky).  Letters u, g, or o indicate that permission is to be taken from
       the current mode.  Omitting permission is only useful with = to take away all permissions.

       When the -R option is given, chmod recursively descends its directory arguments setting the mode for each file as  described  above.   When
       symbolic links are encountered, their mode is not changed and they are not traversed.

       If the -f option is given, chmod will not complain if it fails to change the mode on a file.

EXAMPLES

       The first example denies write permission to others, the second makes a file executable by all if it is executable by anyone:

	      chmod o-w file
	      chmod +X file

       Multiple  symbolic  modes  separated by commas may be given.  Operations are performed in the order specified.  The letter s is only useful
       with u or g.

       Only the owner of a file (or the super-user) may change its mode.

SEE ALSO

       ls(1), chmod(2), stat(2), umask(2), chown(8)

7th Edition							   May 22, 1986 							  CHMOD(1)