03-06-2019
man bash:
Quote:
If a command is terminated by the control operator &, the shell executes the command in the background in a subshell. The shell does not wait for the command to finish, and the return status is 0.
Every command list followed by an
& is put into background for execution and the next command is addressed, while commands without it are waited for to terminate. So, in order to get a bunch of programs in parallel, you need to put them all into background.
Rg. your other question "why the wmctrl/xdotool commands execute themselves directly on xlinks2": it seems that unless told otherwise these commands will work on the last (highest) window on "stack" which in this case is xlinks2. You may try to verify / falsify this assumption and report back.
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wait(1) General Commands Manual wait(1)
NAME
wait - await process completion
SYNOPSIS
[pid]
DESCRIPTION
If no argument is specified, waits until all processes (started with of the current shell have completed, and reports on abnormal termina-
tions. If a numeric argument pid is given and is the process ID of a background process, waits until that process has completed. Other-
wise, if pid is not a background process, exits without waiting for any processes to complete.
Because the system call must be executed in the parent process, the shell itself executes without creating a new process (see wait(2)).
Command-Line Arguments
supports the following command line arguments:
The unsigned decimal integer process
ID of a command, whose termination is to wait for.
WARNINGS
Some processes in a 2-or-more-stage pipeline may not be children of the shell, and thus cannot be waited for.
SEE ALSO
csh(1), ksh(1), sh-posix(1), sh(1), wait(2).
STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
wait(1)