ROUTE(8)						    BSD System Manager's Manual 						  ROUTE(8)

NAME

     route -- manually manipulate the routing tables

SYNOPSIS

     route [-dnqtv] command [[modifiers] args]

DESCRIPTION

     Route is a utility used to manually manipulate the network routing tables.  It normally is not needed, as a system routing table management
     daemon such as routed(8), should tend to this task.

     The route utility supports a limited number of general options, but a rich command language, enabling the user to specify any arbitrary
     request that could be delivered via the programmatic interface discussed in route(4).

     The following options are available:

     -n      Bypass attempts to print host and network names symbolically when reporting actions.  (The process of translating between symbolic
	     names and numerical equivalents can be quite time consuming, and may require correct operation of the network; thus it may be expedi-
	     ent to forget this, especially when attempting to repair networking operations).

     -v      (verbose) Print additional details.

     -q      Suppress all output.

     The route utility provides six commands:

     add	 Add a route.
     flush	 Remove all routes.
     delete	 Delete a specific route.
     change	 Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).
     get	 Lookup and display the route for a destination.
     monitor	 Continuously report any changes to the routing information base, routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.

     The monitor command has the syntax:

	   route [-n] monitor

     The flush command has the syntax:

	   route [-n] flush [family]

     If the flush command is specified, route will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries.  When the address family may is specified
     by any of the -osi, -xns, -atalk, -inet6, or -inet modifiers, only routes having destinations with addresses in the delineated family will be
     deleted.

     The other commands have the following syntax:

	   route [-n] command [-net | -host] destination gateway [netmask]

     where destination is the destination host or network, gateway is the next-hop intermediary via which packets should be routed.  Routes to a
     particular host may be distinguished from those to a network by interpreting the Internet address specified as the destination argument.  The
     optional modifiers -net and -host force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively.  Otherwise, if the
     destination has a ``local address part'' of INADDR_ANY (0.0.0.0), or if the destination is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is
     assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a route to a host.  Optionally, the destination could also be specified in the
     net/bits format.

     For example, 128.32 is interpreted as -host 128.0.0.32; 128.32.130 is interpreted as -host 128.32.0.130; -net 128.32 is interpreted as
     128.32.0.0; -net 128.32.130 is interpreted as 128.32.130.0; and 192.168.64/20 is interpreted as -net 192.168.64 -netmask 255.255.240.0.

     A destination of default is a synonym for -net 0.0.0.0, which is the default route.

     If the destination is directly reachable via an interface requiring no intermediary system to act as a gateway, the -interface modifier
     should be specified; the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network, indicating the interface to be used for transmis-
     sion.  Alternately, if the interface is point to point the name of the interface itself may be given, in which case the route remains valid
     even if the local or remote addresses change.

     The optional modifiers -xns, -osi, and -link specify that all subsequent addresses are in the XNS, OSI, or AppleTalk address families, or are
     specified as link-level addresses, and the names must be numeric specifications rather than symbolic names.

     The optional -netmask modifier is intended to achieve the effect of an OSI ESIS redirect with the netmask option, or to manually add subnet
     routes with netmasks different from that of the implied network interface (as would otherwise be communicated using the OSPF or ISIS routing
     protocols).  One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter (to be interpreted as a network mask).	The implicit network mask gener-
     ated in the AF_INET case can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter.

     For AF_INET6, the -prefixlen qualifier is available instead of the -mask qualifier because non-continuous masks are not allowed in IPv6.  For
     example, -prefixlen 32 specifies network mask of ffff:ffff:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to be used.  The default value of prefixlen is 64 to
     get along with the aggregatable address.  But 0 is assumed if default is specified.  Note that the qualifier works only for AF_INET6 address
     family.

     Routes have associated flags which influence operation of the protocols when sending to destinations matched by the routes.  These flags may
     be set (or sometimes cleared) by indicating the following corresponding modifiers:

     -cloning	RTF_CLONING    - generates a new route on use
     -xresolve	RTF_XRESOLVE   - emit mesg on use (for external lookup)
     -iface    ~RTF_GATEWAY    - destination is directly reachable
     -static	RTF_STATIC     - manually added route
     -nostatic ~RTF_STATIC     - pretend route added by kernel or daemon
     -reject	RTF_REJECT     - emit an ICMP unreachable when matched
     -blackhole RTF_BLACKHOLE  - silently discard pkts (during updates)
     -proto1	RTF_PROTO1     - set protocol specific routing flag #1
     -proto2	RTF_PROTO2     - set protocol specific routing flag #2
     -llinfo	RTF_LLINFO     - validly translates proto addr to link addr

     The optional modifiers -rtt, -rttvar, -sendpipe, -recvpipe, -mtu, -hopcount, -expire, and -ssthresh provide initial values to quantities
     maintained in the routing entry by transport level protocols, such as TCP or TP4.	These may be individually locked by preceding each such
     modifier to be locked by the -lock meta-modifier, or one can specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the -lockrest meta-modifier.

     In a change or add command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify the route (as in the ISO case where several inter-
     faces may have the same address), the -ifp or -ifa modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address.

     The optional -proxy modifier specifies that the RTF_LLINFO routing table entry is the ``published (proxy-only)'' ARP entry, as reported by
     arp(8).

     All symbolic names specified for a destination or gateway are looked up first as a host name using gethostbyname(3).  If this lookup fails,
     getnetbyname(3) is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.

     Route uses a routing socket and the new message types RTM_ADD, RTM_DELETE, RTM_GET, and RTM_CHANGE.  As such, only the super-user may modify
     the routing tables.

DIAGNOSTICS

     add [host | network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x  The specified route is being added to the tables.  The values printed are from the routing ta-
     ble entry supplied in the ioctl(2) call.  If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway (the first one returned by
     gethostbyname(3)), the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.

     delete [ host | network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x	As above, but when deleting an entry.

     %s %s done  When the flush command is specified, each routing table entry deleted is indicated with a message of this form.

     Network is unreachable  An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not on a directly-connected network.  The next-hop
     gateway must be given.

     not in table  A delete operation was attempted for an entry which wasn't present in the tables.

     routing table overflow  An add operation was attempted, but the system was low on resources and was unable to allocate memory to create the
     new entry.

     gateway uses the same route  A change operation resulted in a route whose gateway uses the same route as the one being changed.  The next-hop
     gateway should be reachable through a different route.

     The route utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.

SEE ALSO

     netintro(4), route(4), arp(8), routed(8)

HISTORY

     The route command appeared in 4.2BSD.

BUGS

     The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated routed(8)'s abilities.

4.4BSD								   June 8, 2001 							    4.4BSD