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Full Discussion: Subnetting
Special Forums IP Networking Subnetting Post 302993556 by drysdalk on Saturday 11th of March 2017 05:36:15 AM
Old 03-11-2017
Hi,

To put it as simply as possible, in any given network range the very first address and the very last address are not usable for hosts. The first address is the network address, and the last address is the broadcast address.

So for 192.168.1.0/24 you'd have:

192.168.1.0 - Network address (NOT usable for hosts)
192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.254 - Free IPs (Usable for hosts)
192.168.1.255 - Broadcast address (NOT usable for hosts)

And for /25 sub-nets (and all others besides) it'd be the same: the first address in the range and the last address in the range are not usable for hosts.
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VDE_L3(1)						      General Commands Manual							 VDE_L3(1)

NAME
vde_l3 - Virtual Distributed Ethernet 'Layer 3' Switch. SYNOPSIS
vde_l3 -v vde_plug:ipaddress/netmask [-v...] [-r target_network/netmask:gateway] [-G default_gw] [-M mgmt_socket] DESCRIPTION
A vde_l3 connects to one or more vde_switches, performing ip forwarding among its virtual interfaces. A new interface is created at startup for each -v option given at command line. Static routes to target networks can be defined using the -r option. vde_l3 -v /var/run/s1.ctl:192.168.0.1/24 connects to the vde sock at /var/run/s1.ctl with its virtual interface ve0, having the address 192.168.0.1 and netmask 255.255.255.0. vde_l3 -v /var/run/s1.ctl:192.168.0.1/24 -v /var/run/s2.ctl:10.0.0.254/255.255.0.0 connects to the two vde socks, with its virtual interfaces ve0 and ve1, having addressess 192.168.1.0 and 10.0.0.254 respectively. Hosts in each network can specify the vde_l3 as their gateway to reach the other one. OPTIONS
-v vde_plug:ipaddress/netmask Creates a virtual network interfaces on the vde_l3 box, with address ipaddress and netmask netmask. Please note that the netmask can be specified either in the 'classic' A.B.C.D mode, or just by giving the number of leading bits (f.e., /17 for 255.255.128.0). One can define as many interfaces as she wants. -r target_network/netmask:gateway Specify a static route through gateway to reach hosts in target_network with netmask netmask. One can define as many routes as she wants. -G default_gw Specify a default gateway, to be used whenever no static route is defined for a target host. -M mgmt_socket the unix socket where the parameters (interfaces addresses, routes, etc.) can be checked and changed runtime. unixterm(1) can be used as a remote terminal for wirefilter. NOTICE
Virtual Distributed Ethernet is not related in any way with www.vde.com ("Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik" i.e. the German "Association for Electrical, Electronic & Information Technologies"). SEE ALSO
vde_switch(1), vdeq(1), unixterm(1), vde_cryptcab(1), wirefilter(1). AUTHORS
VDE_L3 is a tool by Daniele Lacamera <root@danielinux.net> VDE is a project by Renzo Davoli <renzo@cs.unibo.it> Virtual Distributed Ethernet May 7, 2007 VDE_L3(1)
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