03-11-2017
Hi,
To put it as simply as possible, in any given network range the very first address and the very last address are not usable for hosts. The first address is the network address, and the last address is the broadcast address.
So for 192.168.1.0/24 you'd have:
192.168.1.0 - Network address (NOT usable for hosts)
192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.254 - Free IPs (Usable for hosts)
192.168.1.255 - Broadcast address (NOT usable for hosts)
And for /25 sub-nets (and all others besides) it'd be the same: the first address in the range and the last address in the range are not usable for hosts.
These 2 Users Gave Thanks to drysdalk For This Post:
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LEARN ABOUT FREEBSD
tcpdrop
TCPDROP(8) BSD System Manager's Manual TCPDROP(8)
NAME
tcpdrop -- drop TCP connections
SYNOPSIS
tcpdrop local-address local-port foreign-address foreign-port
tcpdrop [-l] -a
DESCRIPTION
The tcpdrop command may be used to drop TCP connections from the command line.
If -a is specified then tcpdrop will attempt to drop all active connections. The -l flag may be given to list the tcpdrop invocation to drop
all active connections one at a time.
If -a is not specified then only the connection between the given local address local-address, port local-port, and the foreign address
foreign-address, port foreign-port, will be dropped.
Addresses and ports may be specified by name or numeric value. Both IPv4 and IPv6 address formats are supported.
The addresses and ports may be separated by periods or colons instead of spaces.
EXIT STATUS
The tcpdrop utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
EXAMPLES
If a connection to httpd(8) is causing congestion on a network link, one can drop the TCP session in charge:
# sockstat -c | grep httpd
www httpd 16525 3 tcp4
192.168.5.41:80 192.168.5.1:26747
The following command will drop the connection:
# tcpdrop 192.168.5.41 80 192.168.5.1 26747
The following command will drop all connections but those to or from port 22, the port used by sshd(8):
# tcpdrop -l -a | grep -vw 22 | sh
SEE ALSO
netstat(1), sockstat(1)
AUTHORS
Markus Friedl <markus@openbsd.org>
Juli Mallett <jmallett@FreeBSD.org>
BSD
January 30, 2013 BSD