03-11-2017
Hi,
To put it as simply as possible, in any given network range the very first address and the very last address are not usable for hosts. The first address is the network address, and the last address is the broadcast address.
So for 192.168.1.0/24 you'd have:
192.168.1.0 - Network address (NOT usable for hosts)
192.168.1.1 through 192.168.1.254 - Free IPs (Usable for hosts)
192.168.1.255 - Broadcast address (NOT usable for hosts)
And for /25 sub-nets (and all others besides) it'd be the same: the first address in the range and the last address in the range are not usable for hosts.
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LEARN ABOUT FREEBSD
nos-tun
NOS-TUN(8) BSD System Manager's Manual NOS-TUN(8)
NAME
nos-tun -- implement ``nos'' or ``ka9q'' style IP over IP tunnel
SYNOPSIS
nos-tun -t tunnel -s source -d destination -p protocol_number [source] target
DESCRIPTION
The nos-tun utility is used to establish an nos style tunnel, (also known as ka9q or IP-IP tunnel) using a tun(4) kernel interface.
Tunnel is the name of the tunnel device /dev/tun0 for example.
Source and destination are the addresses used on the tunnel device. If you configure the tunnel against a cisco router, use a netmask of
``255.255.255.252'' on the cisco. This is because the tunnel is a point-to-point interface in the FreeBSD end, a concept cisco does not
really implement.
Protocol number sets tunnel mode. Original KA9Q NOS uses 94 but many people use 4 on the worldwide backbone of ampr.org.
Target is the address of the remote tunnel device, this must match the source address set on the remote end.
EXAMPLES
This end, a FreeBSD box on address 192.168.59.34:
nos-tun -t /dev/tun0 -s 192.168.61.1 -d 192.168.61.2 192.168.56.45
Remote cisco on address 192.168.56.45:
interface tunnel 0
ip address 192.168.61.2 255.255.255.252
tunnel mode nos
tunnel destination 192.168.59.34
tunnel source 192.168.56.45
AUTHORS
Nickolay N. Dudorov <nnd@itfs.nsk.su> wrote the program, Poul-Henning Kamp <phk@FreeBSD.org> wrote the man-page. Isao SEKI
<iseki@gongon.com> added a new flag, IP protocol number.
BUGS
We do not allow for setting our source address for multihomed machines.
BSD
April 11, 1998 BSD