newfs(1M)						  System Administration Commands						 newfs(1M)

NAME

       newfs - construct a UFS file system

SYNOPSIS

       newfs [-NTv] [mkfs-options] raw-device

DESCRIPTION

       newfs  is  a  "friendly" front-end to the mkfs(1M) program for making UFS file systems on disk partitions. newfs calculates the appropriate
       parameters to use and calls mkfs.

       If run interactively (that is, standard input is a tty), newfs prompts for confirmation before making the file system.

       If the -N option is not specified and the inodes of the device are not randomized, newfs calls fsirand(1M).

       You must be super-user or have appropriate write privileges to use this command, except when creating a UFS file system on a diskette.  See
       EXAMPLES.

   Creating a Multiterabyte UFS File System
       Keep the following limitations in mind when creating a multiterabyte UFS file system:

	 o  nbpi  is set to 1 Mbyte unless you specifically set it higher. You cannot set nbpi lower than 1 Mbyte on a multiterabyte UFS file sys-
	    tem.

	 o  fragsize is set equal to bsize.

OPTIONS

       The following options are supported:

       -N	       Print out the file system parameters that would be used to create the file system without actually creating the	file  sys-
		       tem. fsirand(1M) is not called here.

       -T	       Set  the  parameters  of the file system to allow eventual growth to over a terabyte in total file system size. This option
		       sets fragsize to be the same as bsize, and sets nbpi to 1 Mbyte, unless the -i option is used to make it even  larger.	If
		       you  use  the -f or -i options to specify a fragsize or nbpi that is incompatible with this option, the user-supplied value
		       of fragsize or nbpi is ignored.

       -v	       Verbose. newfs prints out its actions, including the parameters passed to mkfs.

       mkfs-options    Options that override the default parameters are:

		       -a apc	       The number of alternate sectors per cylinder to reserve for bad block replacement for  SCSI  devices  only.
				       The default is 0.

				       This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.

		       -b bsize        The  logical  block  size  of the file system in bytes, either 4096 or 8192. The default is 8192. The sun4u
				       architecture does not support the 4096 block size.

		       -c cgsize       The number of cylinders per cylinder group, ranging from 16 to 256. The default is calculated  by  dividing
				       the  number of sectors in the file system by the number of sectors in a gigabyte.  Then, the result is mul-
				       tiplied by 32. The default value is always between 16 and 256.

				       mkfs can override this value. See mkfs_ufs(1M) for details.

				       This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.

		       -C maxcontig    The maximum number of logical blocks, belonging to one file, that are allocated contiguously.  The  default
				       is calculated as follows:

				       maxcontig = disk drive maximum transfer size / disk block size

				       If  the	disk drive's maximum transfer size cannot be determined, the default value for maxcontig is calcu-
				       lated from kernel parameters as follows:

				       If maxphys is less than ufs_maxmaxphys, which is typically 1 Mbyte, then maxcontig is set to maxphys.  Oth-
				       erwise, maxcontig is set to ufs_maxmaxphys.

				       You can set maxcontig to any positive integer value.

				       The actual value will be the lesser of what has been specified and what the hardware supports.

				       You can subsequently change this parameter by using tunefs(1M).

		       -d gap	       Rotational  delay. This option is obsolete in the Solaris 10 release. The value is always set to 0, regard-
				       less of the input value.

		       -f fragsize     The smallest amount of disk space in bytes that can be allocated to a file. fragsize must be a power  of  2
				       divisor of bsize, where:

				       bsize / fragsize is 1, 2, 4, or 8.

				       This means that if the logical block size is 4096, legal values for fragsize are 512, 1024, 2048, and 4096.
				       When the logical block size is 8192, legal values are 1024, 2048, 4096, and  8192.  The	default  value	is
				       1024.

				       For file systems greater than 1 terabyte or for file systems created with the -T option, fragsize is forced
				       to match block size (bsize).

		       -i nbpi	       The number of bytes per inode, which specifies the density of inodes in the  file  system.  The	number	is
				       divided into the total size of the file system to determine the number of inodes to create.

				       This  value  should  reflect  the  expected  average  size of files in the file system. If fewer inodes are
				       desired, a larger number should be used.  To create more inodes, a smaller  number  should  be  given.  The
				       default for nbpi is as follows:

				       Disk size		 Density

				       Less than 1GB		 2048
				       Less than 2GB		 4096
				       Less than 3GB		 6144
				       3GB to 1 Tbyte		 8192
				       Greater than 1 Tbyte
					  or created with -T	 1048576

				       The number of inodes can increase if the file system is expanded with the growfs command.

		       -m free	       The  minimum percentage of free space to maintain in the file system, between 0% and 99%, inclusively. This
				       space is off-limits to users.  Once the file system is filled to this threshold, only  the  super-user  can
				       continue writing to the file system.

				       The  default is ((64 Mbytes/partition size) * 100), rounded down to the nearest integer and limited between
				       1% and 10%, inclusively.

				       This parameter can be subsequently changed using the tunefs(1M) command.

		       -n nrpos        The number of different rotational positions in which to divide a cylinder group. The default is 8.

				       This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.

		       -o space|time   The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent allocating blocks, or to try	to
				       minimize the space fragmentation on the disk. The default is time.

				       This parameter can subsequently be changed with the tunefs(1M) command.

		       -r rpm	       The rotational speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.  The default is driver- or device-specific.

				       Note that you specify rpm for newfs and rps for mkfs.

				       This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.

		       -s size	       The size of the file system in sectors. The default is to use the entire partition.

		       -t ntrack       The number of tracks per cylinder on the disk. The default is taken from the disk label.

				       This option is not applicable for disks with EFI labels and is ignored.

OPERANDS

       The following operands are supported:

       raw-device      The  name  of  a raw special device residing in the /dev directory (for example, /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6) on which to create the
		       file system.

USAGE

       See largefile(5) for the description of the behavior of newfs when encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2**31 bytes).

EXAMPLES

       Example 1: Displaying the Parameters for the Raw Special Device

       The following example verbosely displays the parameters for the raw special device, c0t0d0s6. It does not actually create a new	file  sys-
       tem:

       example# newfs -Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6
       mkfs -F ufs -o N /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6 1112940 54 15 8192 1024 16 10 60
       2048 t 0 -1 8 /dev/rdsk/c0t0d0s6: 1112940 sectors in
       1374 cylinders of 15 tracks, 54 sectors 569.8MB in 86 cyl
       groups (16 c/g, 6.64MB/g, 3072 i/g) super-block backups
       (for fsck -b #) at:
       32, 13056, 26080, 39104, 52128, 65152, 78176, 91200, 104224, ...

       Example 2: Creating a UFS File System

       The following example creates a UFS file system on a diskette that is managed by Volume Manager.

       example% newfs /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0
       newfs: construct a new file system /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: (y/n)? y
       /vol/dev/aliases/floppy0: 2880 sectors in 80 cylinders of 2 tracks,
       18 sectors 1.4MB in 5 cyl groups (16 c/g, 0.28MB/g, 128 i/g)
       super-block backups (for fsck -F ufs -o b=#) at:
       32, 640, 1184, 1792, 2336, ...

       Example 3: Creating a UFS File System That Will Eventually Be Grown to a Multiterabyte UFS File System

       The following example creates a UFS file system that will eventually be grown to a multiterabyte UFS file system.

       This command creates a 800-Gbyte file system on the volume, /dev/md/rdsk/d99.

       # newfs -T /dev/md/rdsk/d99
       newfs: construct a new file system /dev/md/rdsk/d99: (y/n)? y
	  /dev/md/rdsk/d99: 1677754368 sectors in 45512 cylinders of
	  144 tracks, 256 sectors
	  819216.0MB in 1821 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g) ...

       Then,  if  you  increase the volume size for this file system, you can use the growfs command to expand the file system. The file system is
       grown to 1.2 terabytes in this example:

       # growfs -v /dev/md/rdsk/d99
       /usr/lib/fs/ufs/mkfs -G /dev/md/rdsk/d99 2516631552 /dev/md/rdsk/d99:
	  2516631552 sectors in 68268 cylinders of 144 tracks, 256  sectors
	  1228824.0MB in 2731 cyl groups (25 c/g, 450.00MB/g, 448 i/g)...

EXIT STATUS

       The following exit values are returned:

       0	The operation was successful.

       1, 10	Usage error or internal error. A message is output to STDERR explaining the error.

       Other exit values may be returned by mkfs(1M), which is called by newfs.

ATTRIBUTES

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWcsu			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

SEE ALSO

       fsck(1M), fsck_ufs(1M), fsirand(1M), mkfs(1M), mkfs_ufs(1M), tunefs(1M), attributes(5), largefile(5), ufs(7FS)

DIAGNOSTICS

       newfs: No such file or directory        The device specified does not exist, or a disk partition was not specified.

       special: cannot open		       You must write access to the device to use this command.

SunOS 5.10							    6 Nov 2003								 newfs(1M)