sed(1)							      General Commands Manual							    sed(1)

NAME

       sed - stream text editor

SYNOPSIS

       script [file]...

       script]... script_file]... [file]...

DESCRIPTION

       copies  the  named  text files (standard input default) to the standard output, edited according to a script containing up to 100 commands.
       Only complete input lines are processed.  Any input text at the end of a file that is not terminated by a new-line character is ignored.

   Options
       recognizes the following options:

	      Take script from file
			     script_file.

	      Edit according to
			     script.  If there is just one option and no options, the flag can be omitted.

	      Suppress the default output.

       interprets all and arguments in the order given.  Use caution, if mixing and options, to avoid unpredictable or incorrect results.

   Command Scripts
       A script consists of editor commands, one per line, of the following form:

	      [address address]] function [arguments]

       In normal operation, cyclically copies a line of input into a pattern space (unless there is something left after a  command),  applies	in
       sequence  all  commands	whose addresses select that pattern space, and, at the end of the script, copies the pattern space to the standard
       output (except under and deletes the pattern space.

       Some of the commands use a hold space to save all or part of the pattern space for subsequent retrieval.

   Command Addresses
       An address is either a decimal number that counts input lines cumulatively across files, a which addresses the last line  of  input,  or  a
       context address; that is, a in the style of ed(1) modified thus:

	      o  In  a	context  address,  the construction where ?  is any character, is identical to Note that in the context address the second
		 stands for itself, so that the regular expression is

	      o  The escape sequence matches a new-line character embedded in the pattern space.

	      o  A period matches any character except the terminal new-line of the pattern space.

	      o  A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.

	      o  A command line with one address selects each pattern space that matches the address.

	      o  A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from the first pattern space that matches the first address through
		 the  next  pattern  space  that matches the second (if the second address is a number less than or equal to the line number first
		 selected, only one line is selected).	Thereafter the process is repeated, looking again for the first address.

       supports Basic Regular Expression syntax (see regexp(5)).

       Editing commands can also be applied to only non-selected pattern spaces by use of the negation function (described below).

   Command Functions
       In the following list of functions, the maximum number of permissible addresses for each function is indicated in parentheses.  Other func-
       tion elements are interpreted as follows:

	      text	  One  or more lines, all but the last of which end with to hide the new-line.	Backslashes in text are treated like back-
			  slashes in the replacement string of an command, and can be used to protect initial blanks and tabs against  the  strip-
			  ping that is done on every script line.

	      rfile	  Must terminate the command line, and must be preceded by exactly one blank.

	      wfile	  Must	terminate  the	command  line, and must be preceded by exactly one blank.  Each wfile is created before processing
			  begins.  There can be at most 10 distinct wfile arguments.

       recognizes the following functions:

       text	   Append.  Place text on the output before reading next input line.

       Branch to the
		   command bearing label.  If no label is specified, branch to the end of the script.

       text	   Change.  Delete the pattern space.  With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a 2-address range, place text on  the  output.   Start
		   the next cycle.

       Delete pattern space and start the next cycle.

       Delete initial segment of pattern space through first new-line
		   and start the next cycle.

       Replace contents of the pattern space with contents of the hold space.

       Append contents of hold space to the pattern space.

       Replace contents of the hold space with contents of the pattern space.

       Append the contents of the pattern space to the hold space.

       text	   Insert.  Place text on the standard output.

       List the pattern space on the standard output in an unambiguous form.
		   Non-printing characters are spelled in three-digit octal number format (with a preceding backslash), and long lines are folded.

       Copy the pattern space to the standard output
		   if  the  default output has not been suppressed (by the option on the command line or the command in the script file).  Replace
		   the pattern space with the next line of input.

       Append the next line of input to the pattern space
		   with an embedded new-line.  (The current line number changes.)

       Print.	   Copy the pattern space to the standard output.

       Copy the initial segment of the pattern space through
		   the first new-line to the standard output.

       Quit.	   Branch to the end of the script.  Do not start a new cycle.

       Read contents of
		   rfile and place on output before reading the next input line.

       Substitute  replacement string for instances of regular expression in the pattern space.  Any character can be used instead of For a fuller
		   description see ed(1).  flags is zero or more of:

		      n 	  n=1-2048 Substitute for just the nth occurrence of regular expression in the pattern space.

		      Global.	  Substitute for all non-overlapping instances of regular expression rather than just the first one.

		      Print the pattern space if a replacement was made
				  and  the  default  output  has  been	suppressed (by the option on the command line or the command in the script
				  file).

				  Under the environment (see standards(5)), the pattern space is printed twice, if the option is not specified	on
				  the command line.

		      Write.	  Append the pattern space to wfile if a replacement was made.

       Test.	   Branch  to  the command bearing the label if any substitutions have been made since the most recent reading of an input line or
		   execution of a If label is empty, branch to the end of the script.

       Write.  Append the pattern space to
		   wfile.

       Exchange the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.

       Transform.  Replace all occurrences of characters in
		   string1 with the corresponding character in string2.  The lengths of string1 and string2 must be equal.

		   Any character other than backslash or newline can be used instead of slash to delimit the two strings.

		   If a backslash character is immediately followed by another backslash character in string1 or string2, the two backslash  char-
		   acters will be handled as a single literal backslash character.

		   The	delimiter  itself  can	be  used as a literal character in string1 and string2 if it is preceded by a backslash.  The only
		   exception is character "n" as the delimiter, because backslash-n, "
", will be interpreted as a newline.

		   The meaning of a backslash is undefined if it is followed by any character that is not "n", a backslash, or the delimiter char-
		   acter.

       Don't.	   Apply the function (or group, if function is only to lines selected by the address or addresses.

       This command does nothing; it bears a
		   label for and commands to branch to.

       Place the current line number on the standard output as a line.

       Execute the following commands through a matching
		   only when the pattern space is selected.  The syntax is:

       (0)	   An empty command is ignored.

       If a	   appears as the first character on the first line of a script file, that entire line is treated as a comment with one exception:
		   If the character after the is an the default output is suppressed.  The rest of the line after is also ignored.  A script  file
		   must contain at least one non-comment line.

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

       For information about the UNIX Standard environment, see standards(5).

   Environment Variables
       provides  a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. If is unset or null, the default value of "C" (see
       lang(5)) is used. If any of the internationalization variables contains an invalid setting, will  behave  as  if  all  internationalization
       variables are set to "C".  See environ(5).

       If set to a non-empty string value, overrides the values of all the other internationalization variables.

       determines  the interpretation of text as single and/or multi-byte characters, the classification of characters as printable, and the char-
       acters matched by character class expressions in regular expressions.

       determines the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error  and  informa-
       tive messages written to standard output.

       determines the location of message catalogues for the processing of

   International Code Set Support
       Single- and multi-byte character code sets are supported.

EXAMPLES

       Make a simple substitution in a file from the command line or from a shell script, changing to

       Same as above but use shell or environment variables and in search and replacement strings:

       or

       Multiple substitutions in a single command:

       or

WARNINGS

       limits command scripts to a total of not more than 100 commands.

       The hold space is limited to 8192 characters.

       processes only text files.  See the glossary for a definition of text files and their limitations.

AUTHOR

       was developed by OSF and HP.

SEE ALSO

       awk(1), ed(1), grep(1), environ(5), lang(5), regexp(5), standards(5).

       tutorial in the

STANDARDS CONFORMANCE

																	    sed(1)