SENDMAIL(8)						      System Manager's Manual						       SENDMAIL(8)

NAME

       sendmail - send mail over the internet

SYNOPSIS

       /usr/sbin/sendmail [ flags ] [ address ...  ]

       newaliases

       mailq [ -v ]

DESCRIPTION

       Sendmail  sends	a message to one or more recipients, routing the message over whatever networks are necessary.	Sendmail does internetwork
       forwarding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.

       Sendmail is not intended as a user interface routine; other programs provide user-friendly front ends; sendmail is  used  only  to  deliver
       pre-formatted messages.

       With  no  flags,  sendmail  reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and sends a copy of the
       message found there to all of the addresses listed.  It determines the network(s) to use based on the syntax and contents of the addresses.

       Local addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appropriately.  Aliasing can be prevented by preceding the address  with  a	backslash.
       Normally  the  sender  is not included in any alias expansions, e.g., if `john' sends to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the expan-
       sion, then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.

       Flags are:

       -ba	   Go into ARPANET mode.  All input lines must end with a CR-LF, and all messages will be generated  with  a  CR-LF  at  the  end.
		   Also, the ``From:'' and ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the name of the sender.

       -bd	   Run	as  a  daemon.	 This requires Berkeley IPC.  Sendmail will fork and run in background listening on socket 25 for incoming
		   SMTP connections.  This is normally run from /etc/rc.

       -bi	   Initialize the alias database.

       -bm	   Deliver mail in the usual way (default).

       -bp	   Print a listing of the queue.

       -bs	   Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821 on standard input and output.  This flag implies all the  operations  of  the  -ba
		   flag that are compatible with SMTP.

       -bt	   Run	in  address  test  mode.  This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing; it is used for debugging configuration
		   tables.

       -bv	   Verify names only - do not try to collect or deliver a message.  Verify mode is normally used for validating users  or  mailing
		   lists.

       -bz	   Create the configuration freeze file.

       -Cfile	   Use alternate configuration file.  Sendmail refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.	The frozen
		   configuration file is bypassed.

       -dX	   Set debugging value to X.

       -Ffullname  Set the full name of the sender.

       -fname	   Sets the name of the ``from'' person (i.e., the sender of the mail).  -f can only be used by ``trusted'' users (normally  root,
		   daemon, and network) or if the person you are trying to become is the same as the person you are.

       -hN	   Set	the  hop count to N.  The hop count is incremented every time the mail is processed.  When it reaches a limit, the mail is
		   returned with an error message, the victim of an aliasing loop.  If not specified,  ``Received:''  lines  in  the  message  are
		   counted.

       -n	   Don't do aliasing.

       -oxvalue    Set option x to the specified value.  Options are described below.

       -q[time]    Processed  saved  messages  in  the	queue at given intervals.  If time is omitted, process the queue once.	Time is given as a
		   tagged number, with `s' being seconds, `m' being minutes, `h' being hours, `d' being days, and `w' being weeks.   For  example,
		   ``-q1h30m''	or  ``-q90m''  would  both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.	If time is specified, sendmail will run in
		   background.	This option can be used safely with -bd.

       -rname	   An alternate and obsolete form of the -f flag.

       -t	   Read message for recipients.  To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.  The Bcc: line will be  deleted
		   before  transmission.   Any	addresses  in  the argument list will be suppressed, that is, they will not receive copies even if
		   listed in the message header.

       -v	   Go into verbose mode.  Alias expansions will be announced, etc.

       There are also a number of processing options that may be set.  Normally these will only be used by a system administrator.  Options may be
       set  either on the command line using the -o flag or in the configuration file.	These are described in detail in the Sendmail Installation
       and Operation Guide.  The options are:

       Afile	   Use alternate alias file.

       c	   On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to, don't initiate immediate connection.  This requires queueing.

       dx	   Set the delivery mode to x.	Delivery modes are `i' for interactive (synchronous) delivery, `b' for	background  (asynchronous)
		   delivery, and `q' for queue only - i.e., actual delivery is done the next time the queue is run.

       D	   Try to automatically rebuild the alias database if necessary.

       ex	   Set	error  processing  to mode x.  Valid modes are `m' to mail back the error message, `w' to ``write'' back the error message
		   (or mail it back if the sender is not logged in), `p' to print the errors on the terminal (default), `q' to	throw  away  error
		   messages  (only  exit status is returned), and `e' to do special processing for the BerkNet.  If the text of the message is not
		   mailed back by modes `m' or `w' and if the sender is local to this machine, a copy of the  message  is  appended  to  the  file
		   ``dead.letter'' in the sender's home directory.

       Fmode	   The mode to use when creating temporary files.

       f	   Save UNIX-style From lines at the front of messages.

       gN	   The default group id to use when calling mailers.

       Hfile	   The SMTP help file.

       i	   Do not take dots on a line by themselves as a message terminator.

       Ln	   The log level.

       m	   Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if I am in an alias expansion.

       o	   If  set, this message may have old style headers.  If not set, this message is guaranteed to have new style headers (i.e., com-
		   mas instead of spaces between addresses).  If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly determine the header  for-
		   mat in most cases.

       Qqueuedir   Select the directory in which to queue messages.

       rtimeout    The	timeout  on  reads;  if  none  is set, sendmail will wait forever for a mailer.  This option violates the word (if not the
		   intent) of the SMTP specification, show the timeout should probably be fairly large.

       Sfile	   Save statistics in the named file.

       s	   Always instantiate the queue file, even under circumstances where it is not strictly necessary.  This provides  safety  against
		   system crashes during delivery.

       Ttime	   Set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the specified time.	After delivery has failed (e.g., because of a host
		   being down) for this amount of time, failed messages will be returned to the sender.  The default is three days.

       tstz,dtz    Set the name of the time zone.

       uN	   Set the default user id for mailers.

       In aliases, the first character of a name may be a vertical bar to cause interpretation of the rest of the name as a command  to  pipe  the
       mail to.  It may be necessary to quote the name to keep sendmail from suppressing the blanks from between arguments.  For example, a common
       alias is:

	    msgs: "|/usr/ucb/msgs -s"

       Aliases may also have the syntax ``:include:filename'' to ask sendmail to read the named file for a list of recipients.	 For  example,	an
       alias such as:

	    poets: ":include:/usr/local/lib/poets.list"

       would read /usr/local/lib/poets.list for the list of addresses making up the group.

       Sendmail returns an exit status describing what it did.	The codes are defined in <sysexits.h>
	  EX_OK 	   Successful completion on all addresses.
	  EX_NOUSER	   User name not recognized.
	  EX_UNAVAILABLE   Catchall meaning necessary resources were not available.
	  EX_SYNTAX	   Syntax error in address.
	  EX_SOFTWARE	   Internal software error, including bad arguments.
	  EX_OSERR	   Temporary operating system error, such as "cannot fork".
	  EX_NOHOST	   Host name not recognized.
	  EX_TEMPFAIL	   Message could not be sent immediately, but was queued.

       If  invoked  as	newaliases,  sendmail  will rebuild the alias database.  If invoked as mailq, sendmail will print the contents of the mail
       queue.

FILES

       Except for /etc/sendmail.cf, these pathnames are all specified in /etc/sendmail.cf.  Thus, these values are only approximations.

       /etc/aliases		     raw data for alias names
       /etc/aliases.pag
       /etc/aliases.dir 	     data base of alias names
       /etc/sendmail.cf 	     configuration file
       /etc/sendmail.fc 	     frozen configuration
       /usr/share/misc/sendmail.hf   help file
       /var/log/sendmail.st	     collected statistics
       /usr/spool/mqueue/*	     temp files

SEE ALSO

       mail(1), rmail(1), syslog(3), aliases(5), sendmail.cf(5), mailaddr(7), rc(8);
       DARPA Internet Request For Comments RFC819, RFC821, RFC822;
       Sendmail - An Internetwork Mail Router (SMM:16);
       Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide (SMM:7)

4th Berkeley Distribution					 October 23, 1996						       SENDMAIL(8)