04-13-2013
Accelerated computing / GPUs
There are plenty of sources that explain the
performance per watt of a computer. However, I wanted to investigate how accelerated computer components (notably GPUs) have become more efficient at a lower price over the years. I have thus defined a metric: performance per watt per price-unit, and plotted these by launch date and launch price.
The results are as follows:
Notes:
- GFLOPS are single precision
- Prices are in euro as they were approximately at launch date; if no launch price is known, it has not been proxied with a current price and no plot point is shown
- Data taken mostly from Comparison of Nvidia graphics processing units - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia and collection started from the advent of multi-core GPU architectures. The choice of Nvidia was made, because of our professional interest in deploying CUDA and does not constitute an endorsement.
- Data is on retail components as opposed to OEM components.
- Launch prices are often artificially high, because it is the feature set that appeals to the enthusiasts who are also the first movers. The price degradation over time (loosely 10% per year) has not been taken into account.
- The last two plot points are the GeForce GTX Titan and GeForce GTX 650 Ti Boost.
So while performance per watt has increased more than 5-fold over the observed period, the performance per watt per price-unit has not kept up accordingly: almost 4-fold.
In fact, there is even an inverse relationship between the number of cores and the performance metric:
Perhaps the high end cards do not drop in price as much and maintain their price level at launch to finance the development of the lower end cards.
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pac(8) System Manager's Manual pac(8)
NAME
pac - Outputs printer/plotter accounting information
SYNOPSIS
pac [-cmrs] [-p price] [-P printer] [name]
FLAGS
Sorts output according to the computed cost instead of alphabetically according to user. Groups all printing charges for the user speci-
fied by name, without regard for the host machine from which printing was invoked. The dollar amount charged per unit of output specified
by price. The default dollar amount charged is $0.02 per unit. Specifies the printer for which accounting records are produced. Alterna-
tively, the system selects the printer named with the PRINTER environment variable, or the default printer lp0. Reverses the sorted order,
so that records are listed alphabetically from z to a, or in descending order by computed cost when this flag is used with the -c flag.
Writes printer accounting information to a summary file. You must specify the -P flag and printer name (or synonym) when you use this flag.
Output is made to a file that is associated with the af entry for the specified printer in the /etc/printcap file. This file is located in
the /usr/adm directory. The file name is usually the af accounting file name, with the letters _sum (summary) appended, for example:
/usr/adm/lp2acct_sum. Accounting information is in three unheaded columns in the format: pages/feet machinename:username runs
DESCRIPTION
When printer accounting is enabled in the /etc/printcap file, and you use the pac command in a shell script or from the standard input, pac
outputs printer/plotter accounting records to the standard output for each user of the printer specified with the -P flag and printer name
or for users specified with the name parameter. The unit used for printer accounting is the number of pages printed. However, for raster
devices (such typesetters, and plotters) length in feet of print medium (film, for example) is the unit used. Output units are expressed
both as the number of units used and the charge in dollars according to the price specified with -p flag and price amount per unit. The
printer/plotter accounting output has the following column headings and format: Login pages/feet runs price
chicken:rcb 19.00 2 $ 0.38 sardine:jmp 22.00 3 $ 0.44 hunch:lucy 53.00 12 $
1.06 stovetop:suki 1.00 1 $ 0.02 newspaper:myralou 834.00 202 $ 16.68 wimbledon:nhk 69.00 20 $
1.38 norfolk:sophie 184.00 17 $ 3.68
There are four fields, each with its own column heading, in each record of the default output produced by the pac command: 1) the machine
from which the print command was entered and login name is entered in the Login column; 2) the number of pages or feet of paper output is
entered in the page/feet column; 3) the number of times the printer was used is entered in the runs column; and 4) the cost computed at the
default or specified price is entered in the price column.
EXAMPLES
To print printer/plotter accounting information for all users of default printer lp0 to the standard output device, enter: /usr/sbin/pac
Output is sorted alphabetically according to machine name and username. The number of printed pages or feet of output paper used and the
charge per foot of paper or page is computed at the default dollar amount of $0.02 per page because no flags are specified. To write
accounting records for printer printer1 in a summary file, enter the following line as a superuser or as adm: /usr/sbin/pac -Pprinter1 -s
Summary information is written to the file /var/adm/printer1acct_sum. To produce accounting information for users lucy, suki and myralou
for pages printed on printer putnam408, enter: /usr/sbin/pac -Pputnam408 lucy suki myralou
FILES
Specifies the command path Accounting information summary file. Printer information summary file, where printcap symbol af defines the
name of the accounting file.
RELATED INFORMATION
Commands: acct(8), acctcms(8), acctcom(8), acctcon(8), acctmerg(8), acctprc(8), printcap(4), runacct(8) delim off
pac(8)