leaks(1)						    BSD General Commands Manual 						  leaks(1)

NAME

     leaks -- Search a process's memory for unreferenced malloc buffers

SYNOPSIS

     leaks pid | partial-executable-name [-nocontext] [-nostacks] [-exclude symbol] [-trace address]

DESCRIPTION

     leaks identifies leaked memory -- memory that the application has allocated, but has been lost and cannot be freed.  Specifically, leaks
     examines a specified process's memory for values that may be pointers to malloc-allocated buffers.  Any buffer reachable from a pointer in
     writable global memory (e.g., __DATA segments), a register, or on the stack is assumed to be memory in use.  Any buffer reachable from a
     pointer in a reachable malloc-allocated buffer is also assumed to be in use.  The buffers which are not reachable are leaks; the buffers
     could never be freed because no pointer exists in memory to the buffer, and thus free() could never be called for these buffers.  Such buf-
     fers waste memory; removing them can reduce swapping and memory usage.  Leaks are particularly dangerous for long-running programs, for even-
     tually the leaks could fill memory and cause the application to crash.

     leaks requires one parameter -- either the process ID or executable name of the process to examine.  It also takes several arguments for mod-
     ifying its behavior.

     For each leaked buffer that is found, leaks prints the address of the leaked memory and its size.	If leaks can determine that the object is
     an instance of an Objective-C, CoreFoundation, or C++ class, or a CFType, it also specifies the name and type of the class, and the binary
     image that implements the class.  It then prints a string or hexadecimal representation of the contents of the memory, unless the -nocontext
     option was specified.

     If the MallocStackLogging environment variable was set when the application was launched, leaks also prints a stack trace describing where
     the buffer was allocated.

OPTIONS

     -nocontext     Do not print the string or hex representation of leaked memory.  Although that information can be useful for recognizing the
		    contents of the buffer and understanding why it might be leaked, it can also provide overwhelming detail, and could expose
		    confidential information from your process if you, for example, file bug reports with that output included.

     -nostacks	    Do not print backtraces of leaked blocks even if the target process has the MallocStackLogging environment variable set.

     -exclude symbol
		    Exclude leaked blocks whose backtraces include the specified symbol.  This option can be repeated for multiple symbols.  This
		    allows ignoring leaks that, for example, are allocated in libraries for which you do not have source code.

     -trace address
		    Print chains of references from process 'roots' (e.g., global data, registers, or locations on stacks) to the given block.
		    This is useful for determining what is holding onto a buffer such that it has not been freed.

ENVIRONMENT

     The leaks command may detect more leaks if the target process is run with the MallocScribble environment variable.  If this variable is set
     then when malloc blocks are deallocated they are filled with 0x55 bytes, thus overwriting any "stale" data such as pointers remaining in
     those blocks.  This reduces the number of false pointers remaining in the process memory.

EXIT STATUS

     The leaks command exits with one of the following values:

     0	   No leaks were detected.
     1	   One or more leaks were detected.
     >1    An error occurred.

SEE ALSO

     malloc(3), heap(1), malloc_history(1), stringdups(1), vmmap(1), DevToolsSecurity(1)

     The Xcode developer tools also include Instruments, a graphical application that can give information similar to that provided by leaks. The
     Allocations instrument graphically displays dynamic, real-time information about the object and memory use in an application, including back-
     traces of where the allocations occurred.	The Leaks instrument performs memory leak analysis.

BSD
								   Mar. 16, 2013							       BSD