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Full Discussion: Unix Shell Scripting
Top Forums UNIX for Dummies Questions & Answers Unix Shell Scripting Post 302686489 by Don Cragun on Tuesday 14th of August 2012 04:57:21 PM
Old 08-14-2012
First, there are two flavors of the echo utility. The BSD-based version of echo concatenates all of the operands it is given and write them to standard output followed by a <newline>. If the -n option is present it doesn't output the <newline>. I assume this is the version of echo you have on your system. (On the UNIX System V-based version of echo -n is not an option; it is just another operand to be printed. But there are several escape sequences in the string operands that the System V echo will translate ("\t" -> <tab>, "\n" -> <newline>, "\0" -> skip the remainder of this and any following operand and skip the normal trailing <newline>, etc.) that the BSD echo will not change.) If you want to output some text without the normal trailing <newline> in a way that will be portable to all UNIX and Linux systems, use the printf utility instead of echo.

So, your cout << "string" being roughly equivalent to [icode]echo -n "string" is pretty close. But echo $1 is also an output statement; not an input statement. I'm more of a C guy, than C++. In C it is roughly equivalent to printf("%s\n", argv[1]);. The equivalence is would be exact if you used "$1" instead of $1 because if the string isn't quoted and you have the default setting for $IFS, any sequences of one or more <space> and <tab> characters will be translated to a single space and passed to the echo command as individual operands instead of as a single string.

In the shells (bash, ksh, sh, ...), $n (1 <= n <= 9) refers to the 9th argument given to to the shell script when it was invoked. If you use ${n}, n can be greater than 9. $0 refers to the name of the script (like argv[0] in a C or C++ program). So, if you have a regular file with the execute bit set named "script" that contains something like:
Code:
#!/bin/ksh
echo -n "There once was a "
echo $1
echo -n "that "
echo $2
echo -n "who liked to " 
echo $3
echo -n "There once was a " $1 " that " $2 " who liked to " $3

and invoked it as:
Code:
script man "spent a lot of time in a swimming pool" "win gold medals!"

the output should be something like:
Code:
There once was a man
 that spent a lot of time in a swimming pool
 who liked to win gold medals!
There once was a man that spent a lot of time in a swimming pool who liked to win gold medals!

 

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LEARN ABOUT OPENSOLARIS

gettext

gettext(1)							   User Commands							gettext(1)

NAME

       gettext - retrieve text string from message database

SYNOPSIS

       gettext [-d textdomain | --domain=textdomain]
	    [textdomain] msgid

       gettext -s [-e] [-n]
	    [-d textdomain | --domain=textdomain] msgid...

DESCRIPTION

       The  gettext  utility  retrieves a translated text string corresponding to string msgid from a message object generated with msgfmt(1). The
       message object name is derived from the optional argument textdomain if present, otherwise from the TEXTDOMAIN environment. If no domain is
       specified, or if a corresponding string cannot be found, gettext prints msgid.

       Ordinarily, gettext looks for its message object in /usr/lib/locale/lang/LC_MESSAGES where lang is the locale name. If present, the TEXTDO-
       MAINDIR environment variable replaces the pathname component up to lang.

       This command interprets C escape sequences such as 	 for tab. Use \ to print a backslash. To produce a message on  a  line  of  its  own,
       either enter 
 at the end of msgid, or use this command in conjunction with printf(1).

       When  used  with  the -s option, gettext behaves like echo(1). But it does not simply copy its arguments to standard output. Instead, those
       messages found in the selected catalog are translated.

OPTIONS

       The following options are supported:

       -d textdomain		 Retrieves translated messages from the domain textdomain, if textdomain is not specified as an operand.
       --domain=textdomain

       -e			 Enables expansion of some escape sequences if used with the -s option.

       -n			 Suppresses trailing newline if used with the -s option.

       -s			 Behaves like echo(1) (see DESCRIPTION above). If the -s option is specified, no expansion of C  escape  sequences
				 is performed and a newline character is appended to the output, by default.

OPERANDS

       The following operands are supported:

       textdomain    A domain name used to retrieve the messages. This overrides the specification by the -d or --domain options, if present.

       msgid	     A key to retrieve the localized message.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       LANG		Specifies locale name.

       LC_MESSAGES	Specifies messaging locale, and if present overrides LANG for messages.

       TEXTDOMAIN	Specifies the text domain name, which is identical to the message object filename without .mo suffix.

       TEXTDOMAINDIR	Specifies the pathname to the message database. If present, replaces /usr/lib/locale.

ATTRIBUTES

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWcsu			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

SEE ALSO

       echo(1), msgfmt(1), printf(1), gettext(3C), setlocale(3C), attributes(5)

NOTES

       This is the shell equivalent of the library routine gettext(3C).

SunOS 5.11							    17 Sep 2001 							gettext(1)
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