traceroute(1M)						  System Administration Commands					    traceroute(1M)

NAME

       traceroute - print the route packets take to network host

SYNOPSIS

       traceroute [-adFIlnSvx] [-A addr_family] [-c traffic_class]
	    [-f first_hop] [-g gateway [-g gateway...] | -r]
	    [-i iface] [-L flow_label] [-m max_hop]
	    [-P pause_sec] [-p port] [-Q max_timeout]
	    [-q nqueries] [-s src_addr] [-t tos] [-w wait_time] host
	    [packetlen]

DESCRIPTION

       The Internet is a large and complex aggregation of network hardware, connected by gateways. Tracking the route a packet follows can be dif-
       ficult. The utility traceroute traces the route that an IP packet follows to another internet host.

       The traceroute utility utilizes the both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols. Use the -A option to override the default behavior.  traceroute  uses
       the  IPv4 protocol ttl (time to live) field or the IPv6 field hop limit. It attempts to elicit an ICMP or ICMP6 TIME_EXCEEDED response from
       each gateway along the path, and a PORT_UNREACHABLE(or ECHO_REPLY if -I is used) response from the destination host. It starts  by  sending
       probes  with a ttl or hop limit of 1 and increases by 1 until it either gets to the host, or it hits the maximum max_hop. The default maxi-
       mum max_hop is 30 hops, but this can be set by the -m option.

       Three probes are sent at each ttl (hop limit) setting, and a line is printed showing the ttl (hop limit), the hostname and the  address	of
       the  gateway,  and  the rtt (round trip time) of each probe. The number of probes may be specifically set using the -q option. If the probe
       answers come from different gateways, the hostname and the address of each responding system will be  printed.  If  there  is  no  response
       within  a  5  second  timeout interval, an asterisk (*) is displayed for that probe. The -w option may be used to set the timeout interval.
       Other possible annotations that may appear after the time are:

       !

	   the ttl (hop limit) value in the received packet is <= 1.

       !H

	   host unreachable.

       !X

	   communication administratively prohibited.

       <!N>

	   ICMP (ICMP6) unreachable code N.

       The following annotations appear only for IPv4:

       !F

	   fragmentation needed. This should never occur. If this is seen, the associated gateway is broken.

       !N

	   network unreachable.

       !P

	   protocol unreachable.

       !S

	   source route failed. It is likely that the gateway does not support source routing.

       !T

	   unreachable for the specified tos (type-of-service).

       !U

	   source host isolated or precedence problem.

       The following annotations appear only for IPv6:

       !A

	   host unreachable for a reason other than lack of an entry in the routing table.

       !B

	   packet too big.

       !E

	   destination is not a neighbor.

       !R

	   unrecognized next header.

       If almost all the probes result in some kind of unreachable code, then traceroute gives up and exits.

       The destination host is not supposed to process the UDP probe packets, so the destination port default is set to an  unlikely  value.  How-
       ever, if some application on the destination is using that value, the value of port can be changed with the -p option.

       The  only mandatory parameter is the destination host name or IP number. The default probe datagram length is 40 bytes (60 bytes for IPv6),
       but this may be increased by specifying a packet length (in bytes) after the destination host name.

       All integer arguments to traceroute can be specified in either decimal or hexadecimal notation. For example,  packetlen	can  be  specified
       either as 256 or 0x100.

OPTIONS

       -A addr_family

	   Specify  the  address  family  of the target host. addr_family can be either inet or inet6. Address family determines which protocol to
	   use. For an argument of inet, IPv4 is used. For inet6, IPv6 is used.

	   By default, if the name of a host is provided, not the literal IP address, and a valid IPv6 address exists in the  name  service  data-
	   base, traceroute will use this address. Otherwise, if the name service database contains an IPv4 address, it will try the IPv4 address.

	   Specify  the  address family inet or inet6 to override the default behavior. If the argument specified is inet, traceroute will use the
	   IPv4 address associated with the hostname. If none exists, traceroute will state that the host is unknown and exit. It will not try	to
	   determine if an IPv6 address exists in the name service database.

	   If  the specified argument is inet6, traceroute will use the IPv6 address that is associated with the hostname. If none exists, tracer-
	   oute will state that the host is unknown and exit.

       -a

	   Probe all of the addresses of a multi-homed destination. The output looks like traceroute has been run once for each IP address of  the
	   destination.  If  this  option is used together with -A, traceroute probes only the addresses that are of the specified address family.
	   While probing one of the addresses of the destination, user can skip to the next address by sending a SIGINT,  or  exit  traceroute	by
	   sending a SIGQUIT signal. See signal(3C)

       -c traffic_class

	   Specify  the traffic class of probe packets. The value must be an integer in the range from 0 to 255. Gateways along the path may route
	   the probe packet differently depending upon the value of traffic_class set in the probe packet. This option is valid only on IPv6.

       -d

	   Set the SO_DEBUG socket option.

       -F

	   Set the "don't fragment" bit. This option is valid only on IPv4. When specified from within a shared-IP zone, this option has no effect
	   as the "don't fragment" bit is always set in this case.

       -f first_hop

	   Set the starting ttl ( hop limit) value to first_hop, to override the default value 1. traceroute skips processing for those intermedi-
	   ate gateways which are less than first_hop hops away.

       -g gateway

	   Specify a loose source route gateway. The user can specify more than one gateway by using -g for each gateway. The  maximum	number	of
	   gateways is 8 for IPv4 and 127 for IPv6. Note that some factors such as the link MTU can further limit the number of gateways for IPv6.
	   This option cannot be used with the -r option.

	   Only users with the {PRIV_NET_RAWACCESS} privilege can specify a loose source route with this option.

       -I

	   Use ICMP (ICMP6) ECHO instead of UDP datagrams.

       -i iface

	   For IPv4, this option specifies a network interface to obtain the source IP address. This is normally  only	useful	on  a  multi-homed
	   host.  The  -s option is also another way to do this. For IPv6, it specifies the network interface on which probe packets are transmit-
	   ted. The argument can be either an interface index, for example, 1, 2, or an interface name, for example, eri0, hme0.

       -L flow_label

	   Specify the flow label of probe packets. The value must be an integer in the range from 0 to 1048575. This  option  is  valid  only	on
	   IPv6.

       -l

	   Print the value of the ttl (hop limit) field in each packet received.

       -m max_hop

	   Set the maximum ttl (hop limit) used in outgoing probe packets. The default is 30 hops, which is the same default used for TCP  connec-
	   tions.

       -n

	   Print hop addresses numerically rather than symbolically and numerically. This saves a nameserver address-to-name lookup for each gate-
	   way found on the path.

       -P pause_sec

	   Specify  a delay, in seconds, to pause between probe packets. This may be necessary if the final destination does not accept undeliver-
	   able packets in bursts. By default, traceroute sends the next probe as soon as it has received a reply. Note that pause_sec is  a  real
	   number.

       -p port

	   Set	the  base  UDP	port  number  used  in	probes.The  default  is  33434.  traceroute  hopes  that nothing is listening on UDP ports
	   (base+(nhops-1)*nqueries) to (base+(nhops*nqueries)-1)at the destination host, so that an ICMP (ICMP6) PORT_UNREACHABLE message will be
	   returned to terminate the route tracing. If something is listening on a port in the default range, this option can be used to select an
	   unused port range. nhops is defined as the number of hops between the source and the destination.

       -Q max_timeout

	   Stop probing this hop after max_timeout consecutive timeouts are detected. The default value is 5. Useful in combination  with  the	-q
	   option if you have specified a large nqueries probe count.

       -q nqueries

	   Set the desired number of probe queries. The default is 3.

       -r

	   Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached network. If the host is not on a directly-attached network,
	   an error is returned. This option can be used to send probes to a local host through an interface that has been dropped by  the  router
	   deamon. See in.routed(1M). You cannot use this option if the -g option is used.

       -S

	   Display a summary of how many probes were not answered for each hop.

       -s src_addr

	   Use	the  following	address,  which  usually is given as a literal IP address, not a hostname, as the source address in outgoing probe
	   packets. On multi-homed hosts, those with more than one IP address, this option can be used to force the source address to be something
	   other  than the IP address traceroute picks by default. If the IP address is not one of this machine's interface addresses, an error is
	   returned and nothing is sent. For IPv4, when used together with the -i option, the given IP address should be configured on the  speci-
	   fied  interface.  Otherwise,  an  error will be returned. In the case of IPv6, the interface name and the source address do not have to
	   match.

       -t tos

	   Set the tos(type-of-service) in probe packets to the specified value. The default is zero. The value must be an integer  in	the  range
	   from  0  to	255.  Gateways along the path may route the probe packet differently depending upon the tos value set in the probe packet.
	   This option is valid only on IPv4.

       -v

	   Verbose output. For each hop, the size and the destination of the response packets is displayed. Also  ICMP	(ICMP6)  packets  received
	   other than TIME_EXCEEDED and UNREACHABLE are listed as well.

       -w waittime

	   Set the time, in seconds, to wait for a response to a probe. The default is 5 seconds.

       -x

	   Prevent traceroute from calculating checksums. Checksums are usually required for the last hop when using ICMP ECHO probes. This option
	   is valid only on IPv4. See the -I option.

	   When specified from within a shared-IP zone, this option has no effect as the checksum is always calculated by the operating       sys-
	   tem in this case.

OPERANDS

       The following operands are supported:

       host

	   The network host.

EXAMPLES

       Example 1 Sample Output From the traceroute Utility

       Some sample output from the traceroute utility might be:

	 istanbul% traceroute london
	 traceroute: Warning: london has multiple addresses;  
	   using 4::114:a00:20ff:ab3d:83ed
	 traceroute: Warning: Multiple interfaces found; 
	   using 4::56:a00:20ff:fe93:8dde @ eri0:2
	 traceroute to london (4::114:a00:20ff:ab3d:83ed), 30 hops max, 
	   60 byte packets
	 1  frbldg7c-86 (4::56:a00:20ff:fe1f:65a1)  1.786 ms  1.544 ms	1.719 ms
	 2  frbldg7b-77 (4::255:0:0:c0a8:517)  2.587 ms 3.001 ms  2.988 ms
	 3  london (4::114:a00:20ff:ab3d:83ed)	3.122 ms  2.744 ms  3.356 ms

       The  target host, london, has both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in the name service database. According to the default behavior, traceroute uses
       IPv6 address of the destination host.

       Example 2 Using the traceroute Utility For a Host Which has Only IPv4 Addresses

       In the following examples, traceroute is tracking the route to host sanfrancisco, which has only IPv4 addresses in the name  service  data-
       base.  Therefore  traceroute uses only IPv4 addresses. The following shows the 7-hop path that a packet would follow from the host istanbul
       to the host sanfrancisco.

	 istanbul% traceroute sanfrancisco
	 traceroute: Warning: Multiple interfaces found; using 172.31.86.247 @eri0
	 traceroute to sanfrancisco (172.29.64.39), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets
	 1  frbldg7c-86 (172.31.86.1)  1.516 ms  1.283 ms  1.362 ms
	 2  bldg1a-001 (172.31.1.211)  2.277 ms  1.773 ms  2.186 ms
	 3  bldg4-bldg1 (172.30.4.42)  1.978 ms  1.986 ms  13.996 ms
	 4  bldg6-bldg4 (172.30.4.49)  2.655 ms  3.042 ms  2.344 ms
	 5  ferbldg11a-001 (172.29.1.236)  2.636 ms  3.432 ms  3.830 ms
	 6  frbldg12b-153 (172.29.153.72)  3.452 ms  3.146 ms  2.962 ms
	 7  sanfrancisco (172.29.64.39)  3.430 ms  3.312 ms  3.451 ms

       Example 3 Using the traceroute Utility With Source Routing

       The following example shows the path of a packet that goes from istanbul to sanfrancisco through the hosts cairo and paris, as specified by
       the -g option. The -I option makes traceroute send ICMP ECHO probes to the host sanfrancisco. The -i options sets the source address to the
       IP address configured on the interface qe0.

	 istanbul% traceroute -g cairo -g paris -i qe0 -q 1 -I sanfrancisco
	 traceroute to sanfrancisco (172.29.64.39), 30 hops max, 56 byte packets
	 1  frbldg7c-86 (172.31.86.1)  2.012 ms
	 2  flrbldg7u (172.31.17.131)  4.960 ms
	 3  cairo (192.168.163.175) 4.894 ms
	 4  flrbldg7u (172.31.17.131)  3.475 ms
	 5  frbldg7c-017 (172.31.17.83)  4.126 ms
	 6  paris (172.31.86.31) 4.086 ms
	 7  frbldg7b-82 (172.31.82.1)  6.454 ms
	 8  bldg1a-001 (172.31.1.211)  6.541 ms
	 9  bldg6-bldg4 (172.30.4.49)  6.518 ms
	 10  ferbldg11a-001 (172.29.1.236)  9.108 ms
	 11  frbldg12b-153 (172.29.153.72)  9.634 ms
	 12  sanfrancisco (172.29.64.39)  14.631 ms

EXIT STATUS

       The following exit values are returned:

       0

	   Successful operation.

       >0

	   An error occurred.

ATTRIBUTES

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWcsu			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

SEE ALSO

       netstat(1M), signal(3C), ping(1M), attributes(5), privileges(5), zones(5)

WARNINGS

       This utility is intended for use in network testing, measurement and management. It should be used primarily for  manual  fault	isolation.
       Because of the load it could impose on the network, it is unwise to use traceroute(1M) during normal operations or from automated scripts.

SunOS 5.11							    18 Sep 2008 						    traceroute(1M)