route(1M)						  System Administration Commands						 route(1M)

NAME

       route - manually manipulate the routing tables

SYNOPSIS

       route [-fnvq] sub-command [ [modifiers] args]

       route [-fnvq] add | delete [modifiers] destination gateway [args]

       route [-fnvq] change | get [modifiers] destination [ gateway [args]]

       route [-fn] monitor [modifiers]

       route [-fnvq] flush [modifiers]

DESCRIPTION

       route  manually	manipulates  the  network  routing  tables.  These  tables  are  normally maintained by the system routing daemon, such as
       in.routed(1M) and in.ripngd(1M).

       route supports a limited number of general options, but a rich command language. Users can specify an arbitrary request that can be  deliv-
       ered by means of the programmatic interface discussed in route(7P).

       route  uses a routing socket and the new message types RTM_ADD, RTM_DELETE, RTM_GET, and RTM_CHANGE. While only superusers can modify rout-
       ing tables, the RTM_GET operation is allowed for non-privileged users.

OPTIONS

       -f	Flush the routing tables of all gateway entries. If you use the -f option in conjunction with any of the route sub-commands, route
		flushes the gateways before performing the sub-command. Specify the table to flush by placing the -inet or -inet6 modifier immedi-
		ately after the -f option. If unspecified, flushing IPv4 (-inet) routes is the default.

       -n	Prevent attempts to print host and network names symbolically when reporting actions. This option is useful when name servers  are
		unavailable.

       -v	Print additional details in verbose mode.

       -q	Suppress all output.

   Sub-commands
       The following sub--commands are supported:

       add	       Add a route.

       change	       Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway).

       delete	       Delete a specific route.

       flush	       Remove all gateway entries from the routing table.

       get	       Look up and display the route for a destination.

       monitor	       Continuously report any changes to the routing information base, routing lookup misses, or suspected network partitionings.

       The add and delete sub-commands have the following syntax:

       route [ -fnvq ] cmd destination gateway [metric/netmask]

       where  cmd is add or delete, destination is the destination host or network, and gateway is the next-hop intermediary through which packets
       should be routed. Modifiers described in OPERANDS can be placed anywhere on the command line.

       The get and change sub-commands have the following syntax:

       route [ -fnvq ] cmd destination [gateway [metric/netmask]]

       where cmd is get or change, destination is the destination host or network, and gateway is the next-hop intermediary through which  packets
       should be routed. Modifiers described in OPERANDS can be placed anywhere on the command line.

       The monitor sub-command has the following syntax:

       route monitor [ -inet | -inet6 ]

OPERANDS

       route executes its sub-commands on routes to destinations by way of gateways.

   Destinations and Gateways
       By  default,  destination and gateway addresses are interpreted as IPv4 addresses. All symbolic names are tried first as a host name, using
       getipnodebyname(3SOCKET). If this lookup fails in the AF_INET case, getnetbyname(3SOCKET) interprets the name as that of a network.

       Including an optional modifier on the command line before the address changes how the route sub-command interprets it.

       The following modifiers are supported:

       -inet	       Force the address to be interpreted as an IPv4 address, that is, under the AF_INET address family.

       -inet6	       Force the address to be interpreted as an IPv6 address, that is, under the AF_INET6 address family.

       For IPv4 addresses, routes to a particular host are by default distinguished from those to a network by interpreting the  Internet  address
       specified as the destination. If the destination has a local address part (that is, the portion not covered by the netmask) of 0, or if the
       destination is resolved as the symbolic name of a network, then the route is assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be  a
       route to a host.

       You can force this selection by using one of the following modifiers:

       -host	       Force the destination to be interpreted as a host.

       -net	       Force the destination to be interpreted as a network.

       For example:

       Destination		     Destination

       Equivalent
       128.32			     -host 128.0.0.32
       128.32.130		     -host 128.32.0.130
       -net 128.32		     128.32.0.0
       -net 128.32.130		     128.32.130.0

       Two  modifiers avoid confusion between addresses and keywords (for example., host used as a symbolic host name). You can distinguish a des-
       tination by preceding it with the -dst modifier.  You can distinguish a gateway address by using the -gateway modifier. If the  destination
       is  directly  reachable	by way of an interface requiring no intermediary IP router to act as a gateway, this can be indicated by using the
       -interface or -iface modifier.

       In the following example, the route does not refer to an external gateway (router), but rather to one of the machine's interfaces.  Packets
       with  IP  destination  addresses  matching the destination and mask on such a route are sent out on the interface identified by the gateway
       address. For interfaces using the ARP protocol, this type of route is used to specify that all matching destinations are local to the phys-
       ical  link.  That  is, a host could be configured to ARP for all addresses, without regard to the configured interface netmask, by adding a
       default route using this command. For example:

       example# route add default hostname -interface

       where gateway address hostname is the name or IP address associated with the network interface over which all matching  packets	should	be
       sent.  On  a  host  with  a  single  network  interface, hostname is usually the same as the nodename returned by the uname -n command. See
       uname(1).

       For backward compatibility with older systems, directly reachable routes can also be specified by placing a 0 after the gateway address:

       example# route add default hostname 0

       This value was once a route metric, but this metric is no longer used.  If the value is specified as 0, then the  destination  is  directly
       reachable  (equivalent  to  specifying  -interface).   If it is non-zero but cannot be interpreted as a subnet mask, then a gateway is used
       (default).

       With the AF_INET address family or an IPv4 address, a separate subnet mask can be specified. This can be specified in one of the  following
       ways:

	 o  IP	address  following the gateway address . This is typically specified in decimal dot notation as for inet_addr(3SOCKET) rather than
	    in symbollic form.

	 o  IP address following the -netmask qualifier.

	 o  Slash character and a decimal length appended to the destination address.

       If a subnet mask is not specified, the mask used is the subnet mask of the output interface selected by the gateway address, if the  class-
       ful  network of the destination is the same as the classful network of the interface. Otherwise, the classful network mask for the destina-
       tion address is used.

       Each of the following examples creates an IPv4 route to the destination 192.0.2.32 subnet with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.224:

       example# route add 192.0.2.32/27 somegateway
       example# route add 192.0.2.32 -netmask 255.255.255.224 somegateway
       example# route add 192.0.2.32 somegateway 255.255.255.224

       For IPv6, only the slash format is accepted. The following example creates an IPv6 route to the destination 33fe:: with	a  netmask  of	16
       one-bits followed by 112 zero-bits.

       example# route add -inet6 3ffe::/16 somegateway

       In  cases  where  the gateway does not uniquely identify the output interface (for example, when several interfaces have the same address),
       you can use the -ifp ifname modifier to specify the interface by name. For example, -ifp lo0 associates the route with the lo0 interface.

   Routing Flags
       Routes have associated flags that influence operation of the protocols when sending to destinations matched by the routes. These flags  can
       be set (and in some cases cleared, indicated by ~) by including the following modifiers on the command line:

       Modifier 	    Flag		   Description
       -interface	~RTF_GATEWAY	Destination is directly reachable
       -iface		~RTF_GATEWAY	Alias for interface modifier
       -static		RTF_STATIC	Manually added route
       -nostatic	~RTF_STATIC	Pretend  route was added by kernel
					or routing daemon
       -reject		RTF_REJECT	Emit  an  ICMP	unreachable   when
					matched
       -blackhole	RTF_BLACKHOLE	Silently   discard  packets  duing
					updates
       -proto1		RTF_PROTO1	Set protocol specific routing flag
					#1
       -proto2		RTF_PROTO2	Set protocol specific routing flag
					#2
       -private 	RTF_PRIVATE	Do not advertise this route
       -multirt 	RTF_MULTIRT	Creates  the  specified  redundant
					route
       -setsrc		RTF_SETSRC	Assigns the default
       source address

       The  optional  modifiers  -rtt, -rttvar, -sendpipe, -recvpipe, -mtu, -hopcount, -expire, and -ssthresh provide initial values to quantities
       maintained in the routing entry by transport level protocols, such as TCP. These can be individually locked either by preceding each  modi-
       fier to be locked by the -lock meta-modifier, or by specifying that all ensuing metrics can be locked by the -lockrest meta-modifier.

       Some transport layer protocols can support only some of these metrics.  The following optional modifiers are supported:

       -expire		       Lifetime for the entry. This optional modifier is not currently supported.

       -hopcount	       Maximum hop count. This optional modifier is not currently supported.

       -mtu		       Maximum MTU in bytes.

       -recvpipe	       Receive pipe size in bytes.

       -rtt		       Round trip time in microseconds.

       -rttvar		       Round trip time variance in microseconds.

       -sendpipe	       Send pipe size in bytes.

       -ssthresh	       Send pipe size threshold in bytes.

   Compatibility
       The modifiers host and net are taken to be equivalent to -host and -net. To specify a symbolic address that matches one of these names, use
       the dst or gateway keyword to distinguish it. For example: -dst host

       The following two flags are also accepted for compatibility with older systems, but have no effect.

       Modifier 				 Flag
       -cloning 			      RTF_CLONING
       -xresolve			     RTF_XRESOLVE

       The -ifa hostname modifier is also accepted, but has no effect.

FILES

       /etc/defaultrouter      List of default routers

       /etc/hosts	       List of host names and net addresses

       /etc/networks	       List of network names and addresses

ATTRIBUTES

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWcsu			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

SEE ALSO

       uname(1),   in.ripngd(1M),   in.routed(1M),   netstat(1M),   routed(1M),   ioctl(2),    getipnodebyname(3SOCKET),    getnetbyname(3SOCKET),
       inet_addr(3SOCKET), defaultrouter(4), hosts(4), networks(4), attributes(5), ARP(7P), ip(7P), route(7P), routing(7P)

DIAGNOSTICS

       add [ host| network] destination:gateway flags

	   The	specified  route is being added to the	tables. The values printed are from the routing table entry supplied in the ioctl(2) call.
	   If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway (the first one returned by getipnodebyname(3SOCKET)) the gateway
	   address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.

       delete [ host| network] destination:gateway flags
       change [ host| network] destination:gateway flags

	   As add, but when deleting or changing an entry.

       destination done

	   When  the  -f flag is specified, or the flush sub-command is used, each routing table entry deleted is indicated with a message of this
	   form.

       Network is unreachable

	   An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not on a directly-connected network. Give the next-hop gateway instead.

       not in table

	   A delete operation was attempted for an entry that is not in the table.

       entry exists

	   An add operation was attempted for a route that already exists in the kernel.

       routing table overflow

	   An operation was attempted, but the system was unable to allocate memory to create the new entry.

       insufficient privileges

	   An attempt to add, delete, change, or flush a route failed because the calling process does not have appropriate privileges.

NOTES

       Specifying that destinations are local (with the -interfacemodifier) assumes that the  routers  implement  proxy  ARP,  meaning	that  they
       respond	to  ARP  queries for all reachable destinations. Normally, using either router discovery or RIP is more reliable and scalable than
       using proxy ARP. See in.routed(1M) for information related to RIP.

       Combining the all destinations are local route with subnet or network routes can lead to unpredictable results.	The  search  order  as	it
       relates to the all destinations are local route are undefined and can vary from release to release.

SunOS 5.10							    7 Mar 2003								 route(1M)