10-14-2010
At AT&T in 1990, but I did MULTICS and GCOS TSS with Waterloo FRED first at Honeywell Bull, so I had editing, regex, scripting and many other UNIX-like bits when I arrived! UNIX was, in some respects, MULTICS very ingeniously cut down to run on small machines. A lot of fork/exec simplified the code. Back then, MULTICS did everything in one process, where commands were just dynamicly discovered subroutines, but needed special hardware to provide a segmented VM, uncannily like I386+ CPU memory manager hardware with 4K pages and 4Mbyte segments. MULTICS was just starting to play with pipes and fork/exec sort of scripting when my machine shipped out.
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FORK(2) BSD System Calls Manual FORK(2)
NAME
fork -- create a new process
LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
pid_t
fork(void);
DESCRIPTION
fork() causes creation of a new process. The new process (child process) is an exact copy of the calling process (parent process) except for
the following:
o The child process has a unique process ID.
o The child process has a different parent process ID (i.e., the process ID of the parent process).
o The child process has its own copy of the parent's descriptors. These descriptors reference the same underlying objects, so that,
for instance, file pointers in file objects are shared between the child and the parent, so that an lseek(2) on a descriptor in the
child process can affect a subsequent read(2) or write(2) by the parent. This descriptor copying is also used by the shell to
establish standard input and output for newly created processes as well as to set up pipes.
o The child process' resource utilizations are set to 0; see setrlimit(2).
In general, the child process should call _exit(2) rather than exit(3). Otherwise, any stdio buffers that exist both in the parent and child
will be flushed twice. Similarly, _exit(2) should be used to prevent atexit(3) routines from being called twice (once in the parent and once
in the child).
In case of a threaded program, only the thread calling fork() is still running in the child processes.
Child processes of a threaded program have additional restrictions, a child must only call functions that are async-signal-safe. Very few
functions are asynchronously safe and applications should make sure they call exec(3) as soon as possible.
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion, fork() returns a value of 0 to the child process and returns the process ID of the child process to the parent
process. Otherwise, a value of -1 is returned to the parent process, no child process is created, and the global variable errno is set to
indicate the error.
ERRORS
fork() will fail and no child process will be created if:
[EAGAIN] The system-imposed limit on the total number of processes under execution would be exceeded. This limit is configuration-depen-
dent.
[EAGAIN] The limit RLIMIT_NPROC on the total number of processes under execution by this user id would be exceeded.
[ENOMEM] There is insufficient swap space for the new process.
SEE ALSO
execve(2), setrlimit(2), vfork(2), wait(2), pthread_atfork(3)
STANDARDS
The fork() function conforms to ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 (``POSIX.1'').
HISTORY
A fork() system call appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.
BSD
June 10, 2004 BSD