SIN(3M) 																   SIN(3M)

NAME

       sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan, atan2 - trigonometric functions and their inverses

SYNOPSIS

       #include <math.h>

       double sin(x)
       double x;

       double cos(x)
       double x;

       double tan(x)
       double x;

       double asin(x)
       double x;

       double acos(x)
       double x;

       double atan(x)
       double x;

       double atan2(y,x)
       double y,x;

DESCRIPTION

       Sin, cos and tan return trigonometric functions of radian arguments x.

       Asin returns the arc sine in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

       Acos returns the arc cosine in the range 0 to

       Atan returns the arc tangent in the range -pi/2 to pi/2.

       On a VAX,
       atan2(y,x) :=   atan(y/x)		   if x > 0,
		       sign(y)*(pi - atan(|y/x|))  if x < 0,
		       0			   if x = y = 0, or
		       sign(y)*pi/2		   if x = 0 != y.

DIAGNOSTICS

       On a VAX, if |x| > 1 then asin(x) and acos(x) will return reserved operands and errno will be set to EDOM.

NOTES

       Atan2  defines atan2(0,0) = 0 on a VAX despite that previously atan2(0,0) may have generated an error message.  The reasons for assigning a
       value to atan2(0,0) are these:(1) Programs that test arguments to avoid computing atan2(0,0) must be indifferent to its value.  Programs that require it  to  be  invalid
	   are vulnerable to diverse reactions to that invalidity on diverse computer systems.(2) Atan2  is  used mostly to convert from rectangular (x,y) to polar (r,theta) coordinates that must satisfy x = r*cos theta and y = r*sin
	   theta.  These equations are satisfied when (x=0,y=0) is mapped to (r=0,theta=0) on a VAX.  In general, conversions to polar coordinates
	   should be computed thus:
		    r := hypot(x,y);	  ... := sqrt(x*x+y*y)
		theta := atan2(y,x).

       (3) The	foregoing  formulas need not be altered to cope in a reasonable way with signed zeros and infinities on a machine that conforms to
	   IEEE 754; the versions of hypot and atan2 provided for such a machine are designed to handle all cases.  That is  why  atan2(+-0,-0)  =
	   +-pi, for instance.	In general the formulas above are equivalent to these:
	   r := sqrt(x*x+y*y); if r = 0 then x := copysign(1,x);
	   if x > 0  then theta := 2*atan(y/(r+x))
		     else theta := 2*atan((r-x)/y);
       except if r is infinite then atan2 will yield an appropriate multiple of pi/4 that would otherwise have to be obtained by taking limits.

ERROR (due to Roundoff etc.)
       Let  P  stand  for  the	number	stored in the computer in place of pi = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 ... .  Let "trig" stand for one of
       "sin", "cos" or "tan".  Then the expression "trig(x)" in a program actually produces  an  approximation	to  trig(x*pi/P),  and	"atrig(x)"
       approximates  (P/pi)*atrig(x).	The  approximations are close,	within 0.9 ulps for sin, cos and atan, within 2.2 ulps for tan, asin, acos
       and atan2 on a VAX.  Moreover, P = pi in the codes that run on a VAX.

       In the codes that run on other machines, P differs from pi by a fraction of an ulp; the difference matters only if the argument x is  huge,
       and  even then the difference is likely to be swamped by the uncertainty in x.  Besides, every trigonometric identity that does not involve
       pi explicitly is satisfied equally well regardless of whether P = pi.  For instance, sin(x)**2+cos(x)**2 = 1 and sin(2x) = 2sin(x)cos(x) to
       within  a  few  ulps no matter how big x may be.  Therefore the difference between P and pi is most unlikely to affect scientific and engi-
       neering computations.

SEE ALSO

       math(3M), hypot(3M), sqrt(3M), infnan(3M)

AUTHOR

       Robert P. Corbett, W. Kahan, Stuart I. McDonald, Peter Tang and, for the codes for IEEE 754, Dr. Kwok-Choi Ng.

4th Berkeley Distribution					   May 12, 1986 							   SIN(3M)