PERLPRAGMA(1)						 Perl Programmers Reference Guide					     PERLPRAGMA(1)

NAME

       perlpragma - how to write a user pragma

DESCRIPTION

       A pragma is a module which influences some aspect of the compile time or run time behaviour of Perl, such as "strict" or "warnings". With
       Perl 5.10 you are no longer limited to the built in pragmata; you can now create user pragmata that modify the behaviour of user functions
       within a lexical scope.

A basic example
       For example, say you need to create a class implementing overloaded mathematical operators, and would like to provide your own pragma that
       functions much like "use integer;" You'd like this code

	   use MyMaths;

	   my $l = MyMaths->new(1.2);
	   my $r = MyMaths->new(3.4);

	   print "A: ", $l + $r, "
";

	   use myint;
	   print "B: ", $l + $r, "
";

	   {
	       no myint;
	       print "C: ", $l + $r, "
";
	   }

	   print "D: ", $l + $r, "
";

	   no myint;
	   print "E: ", $l + $r, "
";

       to give the output

	   A: 4.6
	   B: 4
	   C: 4.6
	   D: 4
	   E: 4.6

       i.e., where "use myint;" is in effect, addition operations are forced to integer, whereas by default they are not, with the default
       behaviour being restored via "no myint;"

       The minimal implementation of the package "MyMaths" would be something like this:

	   package MyMaths;
	   use warnings;
	   use strict;
	   use myint();
	   use overload '+' => sub {
	       my ($l, $r) = @_;
	       # Pass 1 to check up one call level from here
	       if (myint::in_effect(1)) {
		   int($$l) + int($$r);
	       } else {
		   $$l + $$r;
	       }
	   };

	   sub new {
	       my ($class, $value) = @_;
	       bless $value, $class;
	   }

	   1;

       Note how we load the user pragma "myint" with an empty list "()" to prevent its "import" being called.

       The interaction with the Perl compilation happens inside package "myint":

	   package myint;

	   use strict;
	   use warnings;

	   sub import {
	       $^H{myint} = 1;
	   }

	   sub unimport {
	       $^H{myint} = 0;
	   }

	   sub in_effect {
	       my $level = shift // 0;
	       my $hinthash = (caller($level))[10];
	       return $hinthash->{myint};
	   }

	   1;

       As pragmata are implemented as modules, like any other module, "use myint;" becomes

	   BEGIN {
	       require myint;
	       myint->import();
	   }

       and "no myint;" is

	   BEGIN {
	       require myint;
	       myint->unimport();
	   }

       Hence the "import" and "unimport" routines are called at compile time for the user's code.

       User pragmata store their state by writing to the magical hash "%^H", hence these two routines manipulate it. The state information in
       "%^H" is stored in the optree, and can be retrieved at runtime with "caller()", at index 10 of the list of returned results. In the example
       pragma, retrieval is encapsulated into the routine "in_effect()", which takes as parameter the number of call frames to go up to find the
       value of the pragma in the user's script. This uses "caller()" to determine the value of $^H{myint} when each line of the user's script was
       called, and therefore provide the correct semantics in the subroutine implementing the overloaded addition.

Implementation details
       The optree is shared between threads.  This means there is a possibility that the optree will outlive the particular thread (and therefore
       the interpreter instance) that created it, so true Perl scalars cannot be stored in the optree.	Instead a compact form is used, which can
       only store values that are integers (signed and unsigned), strings or "undef" - references and floating point values are stringified.  If
       you need to store multiple values or complex structures, you should serialise them, for example with "pack".  The deletion of a hash key
       from "%^H" is recorded, and as ever can be distinguished from the existence of a key with value "undef" with "exists".

       Don't attempt to store references to data structures as integers which are retrieved via "caller" and converted back, as this will not be
       threadsafe.  Accesses would be to the structure without locking (which is not safe for Perl's scalars), and either the structure has to
       leak, or it has to be freed when its creating thread terminates, which may be before the optree referencing it is deleted, if other threads
       outlive it.

perl v5.12.1							    2010-04-26							     PERLPRAGMA(1)