route(8)						      System Manager's Manual							  route(8)

NAME

       route - Manipulates the routing tables manually

SYNOPSIS

   Adding a Route
	      route [-nqvC] add [-net|-host] [family]
		destination[/bitmask] gateway [-link]
		[modifiers [args]]

   Changing a Route
	      route [-nqv] change [-net|-host] [family]
		destination gateway [-link] [modifiers [args]]

   Monitoring a Route
	      route [-n] monitor

   Deleting a Route
	      route [-nqvC] delete [-net|-host] [family]
		destination[/bitmask] [-link] gateway
		[modifiers [args]]

   Deleting All Routes
	      route [-nqvC] flush [family]

FLAGS

       Prints  host and network names in numeric format, instead of symbolic format, when reporting actions.  Suppresses all output.  Causes addi-
       tional details to be printed.  Forces route to use the old ioctl calls instead of the current route server request path.

PARAMETERS

       Specifies explicitly that this route is a network route; destination is interpreted as a network address.  Specifies explicitly	that  this
       route  is  a  host  route;  destination	is  interpreted as a host address.  Specifies the destination host or network (with or without the
       optional Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) mask (/bitmask)).  Specifies the optional address family	of  the  destination  and  gateway
       parameters.  Possible values are: -inet (the default) and -inet6.  If the -link parameter is not specified, this also specifies the address
       family of the gateway parameter.  Specifies that the gateway is a link layer address.  If the -link parameter is not specified, the address
       family of the gateway parameter is the same as the destination.	Specifies the next hop and gateway to which packets should be addressed.

DESCRIPTION

       The  route command is a program used to manually manipulate the network routing tables.	It normally is not needed, as a system routing ta-
       ble management daemon, such as gated or routed, should tend to this task.

       The route command accepts five commands: Adds a route.  Removes all gateway entries from the routing tables.  For the inet6 family, it also
       removes	all  cloned  routes.   You can choose to flush only those routes whose destinations are of a given address family by specifying an
       optional keyword (family) that specifies the address family.  Deletes a specific route.	Changes aspects of a route (such as its  gateway).
       Reports any changes to the routing information base, routing lookup misses, or suspected network partionings.

       Unless  the  -net  or -host parameters are specified on the command line, route creates a host route or a network route by interpreting the
       Internet address associated with destination parameter.	If the destination has a local address part of INADDR_ANY, or if  the  destination
       is the symbolic name of a network, a network route is created; otherwise, a host route is created.

       For  example,  128.32  is  interpreted  as -host 128.0.0.32, 128.32.130 is interpreted as -host 128.32.0.130; -net 128.32 is interpreted as
       128.32.0.0, and -net 128.32.130 is interpreted as 128.32.130.0.

       All symbolic names specified for a destination or gateway are looked up first as a hostname using gethostbyname(3).  If this lookup  fails,
       getnetbyname(3) is then used to interpret the name as that of a network.

       Routes  added  with  the  route	command  are marked as RTF_STATIC to differentiate them from routes added by the routing daemons (gated or
       routed).  The gated daemon does not remove the RTF_STATIC routes when it is shut down.

       The route command uses a routing socket and the new message types RTM_ADD, RTM_DELETE, and RTM_CHANGE.

   Modifiers
       Modifiers provide initial values to metrics and other information maintained in the routing entry.  All modifiers and their  arguments  are
       optional  and  must appear after the gateway field on the command line.	The modifiers for the add, change, and delete commands are as fol-
       lows: Specifies that the kernel add or delete the specified route on all interfaces (for example, tu0 and tu1) that are in the same  subnet
       as the gateway.	Use this modifier only with the add and delete modifiers.  Do not use -all with the -dev and -olddev modifiers.  Specifies
       that this route is a blackhole route.  Packets sent to blackhole routes are dropped, and no notification is sent to the packet originators.
       This is different from a normal route, which allows packets to be forwarded out on it.  You must specify 127.0.0.1 (localhost) as the gate-
       way argument.  Generates a new route on use of this route.  Specifies the interface device (for example, tu0 and fta0) to use in the  rout-
       ing  entry.   Use  this	modifier  when you want to designate a particular interface for a route.  If you do not specify this modifier, the
       route is added on the first interface that is found.  Specifies that the netmask mask is used for all routes cloned from this route.   Sets
       this  route's  maximum hopcount to count.  Specifies that this route is via an interface instead of via a gateway (gateway is the default).
       This means the destination is reachable directly via an interface; no intermediate system  is  required.   The  gateway	parameter  is  the
       address of this host on the common network, indicating the interface to be used for transmission.  Sets this route's type as AF_INET.  When
       used with the delete or flush commands, only AF_INET routes are deleted.  Sets this route's type as AF_INET6.  When used with the delete or
       flush  commands,  only  AF_INET6  routes are deleted.  Sets this route's type as AF_ISO.  When used with the delete or flush commands, only
       AF_ISO routes are deleted.  Sets this route's type as AF_LINK.  When used with the delete  or  flush  commands,	only  AF_LINK  routes  are
       deleted.   Specifies that this route contains valid link-layer information.  Locks the metric set by next modifier specified on the command
       line in the routing entry.  A locked metric is not modified by the kernel.  The following metrics can be locked: mtu,  hopcount,  recvpipe,
       sendpipe,  ssthresh,  rtt,  and	rttvar.   Locks  the metrics set by all modifiers that follow on the command line in the routing entry.  A
       locked metric is not modified by the kernel.  The following metrics can be locked: mtu, hopcount, recvpipe, sendpipe,  ssthresh,  rtt,  and
       rttvar.	 Sets  this  route's  maximum transmission unit (MTU), in bytes, to size.  Specifies the subnet mask to use for the routing entry.
       Networks that use a nonstandard subnet must include this modifier.  Specify this modifier after any optional  modifiers.   Do  not  specify
       this  modifier if you specify a CIDR bitmask (/bitmask).  Do not specify this modifier with the change command.	Specifies that fragment to
       path MTU size is disabled for this route.  Specifies that path MTU discovery is disabled for  this  route.   Specifies  the  old  interface
       device  (for example, tu0 and fta0) in the routing entry that you want to change.  Use this modifier with the change command only to move a
       route from one interface to another.  See the "Examples" section.  Specifies the old gateway in the routing entry that you want to  change.
       Use  this  modifier  with  the change command only.  See the "Examples" section.  Specifies the old interface in the routing entry that you
       want to change.	Use this modifier with the change command only.  Sets this route's type as AF_ISO.  When used with  the  delete  or  flush
       commands, only AF_ISO routes are deleted.  Sets the precedence of the route to value.  Among equivalent routes to the same destination, the
       route with the lower precedence is preferred.  Sets this route's inbound delay bandwidth product (in bytes) to bandwidth.   Specifies  that
       this  route is a reject route.  Packets sent to reject routes are dropped and messages designating the route as unreachable are sent to the
       packet originators.  This is different from a normal route, which allows packets to be forwarded out on it.   You  must	specify  127.0.0.1
       (localhost) as the gateway argument.  Sets this route's round trip time (in microseconds) to time.  Sets this route's round trip time vari-
       ance (in microseconds) to variance.  Sets this route's outbound delay bandwidth product (in bytes) to bandwidth.  Sets  this  route's  out-
       bound gateway buffer limit (in bytes) to threshold.

RESTRICTIONS

       You must be superuser in order to run the route command and to modify the routing tables.

EXAMPLES

       To  add	gateway  128.32.0.130  as  a default gateway, enter: route   add   default   128.32.0.130 To add a route to host milan via gateway
       128.32.0.130, enter: route   add   -host   milan  128.32.0.130 To delete an existing route via gateway 128.32.0.130 to host  milan,  enter:
       route	delete	  -host    milan   128.32.0.130 To add a route with a precedence value of 1 to host milan via gateway 128.32.0.130, enter:
       route   add  -precedence 1 -host   milan   128.32.0.130 To change an existing route for host milan via gateway 128.32.0.130 to  use  a  new
       gateway	128.32.10.101, enter: route  change  -oldgateway 128.32.0.130 -oldinterface le0  -host milan 128.32.10.101 To add a route to net-
       work 212.232.32 via gateway 128.32.0.130, enter: route	add    -net    212.232.32/22  128.32.0.130 The previous example aggregates  routes
       for four Class C networks: 212.232.32, 212.232.33, 212.232.34, and 212.232.35.  To add an IPv6 route to network feco:10:50::/48 through the
       configured tunnel interface ipt0, enter: route add -inet6 fec0:10:50::48 -inet6	fe80::a0a:2805	-dev  ipt0  To	add  a	route  to  network
       212.232.32/22  via  gateway 128.32.0.130 and lock the MTU size at 1500, enter: route add -net 197.45.63/24 214.89.32.235 -lock -mtu 1500 To
       add a route to network 212.232.32/22 via gateway 128.32.0.130 and lock the MTU size and hop  count,  enter:  route  add	-net  197.45.63/24
       214.89.32.235  -lockrest  -mtu  1500  -hopcount 2 To change existing network route 206.98.17 via gateway 206.98.17.45 from using interface
       device tu0 to tu1, enter: route change -net 206.98.17 206.98.17.45 -olddev tu0 -dev tu1 This assumes that interface device tu1  is  config-
       ured  with  an  IP  address  in	the  same  subnet  as  tu0.  To change existing network route 206.98.17 from using gateway 206.98.17.45 to
       206.98.17.162, enter: route change -net 206.98.17 206.98.17.162 -oldgateway 206.98.17.45 To change existing network route  206.98.17  using
       interface device tu0 and gateway 206.98.17.45 to use device tu1 and gateway 206.98.17.162, enter: route change -net 206.98.17 206.98.17.162
       -olddev tu0 -dev tu1  -oldgateway 206.98.17.45 To add a route to host 219.67.129.16 via gateway 219.67.122.41 using interface device  tu1,
       enter:  route add -host 219.67.129.16  219.67.122.41 -dev tu1 To delete a route to network 219.84.6 via gateway 219.84.6.79 using interface
       device fta0, enter: route delete -net 219.84.6  219.84.6.79 -olddev fta0 To add a route to host	202.54.164.79  via  gateway  202.54.163.11
       using all interfaces connected to the 202.54.163/24 subnet, enter: route add -host 202.54.164.79 202.54.163.11 -all

DIAGNOSTICS

       The  specified  route  is being added to the tables.  If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway (the first one
       returned by gethostbyname), the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.	The optional /bitmask parameter was speci-
       fied  with  the	change	command.  Do not specify a bit mask with the change command.  The specified route is being modified in the tables.
       The specified route is being deleted from the tables.  If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the  gateway  (the  first
       one  returned  by gethostbyname), the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically.  When you use the flush command, each
       routing table entry deleted is indicated with a message of this form.  An add operation was attempted for an entry that already	exists	in
       the routing tables.  The gateway value is incorrect for creating reject and blackhole routes.  The bitmask specified is not in the range of
       1 to 32, inclusive.  The -netmask modifier was specified together with a CIDR bit mask.	The optional -netmask modifier was specified  with
       the  change  command.   Do not specify a network mask with the change command.  An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed
       was not on a directly connected network.  The next hop gateway must be given.  A delete operation was attempted for an entry that  was  not
       present in the tables.  An add operation was attempted, but the system was low on resources and was unable to allocate memory to create the
       new entry.

FILES

       Specifies the command path

RELATED INFORMATION

       Commands:  netstat(1), gated(8), routed(8).

       Networking:  netintro(7).  delim off

																	  route(8)