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STX B+ Tree 0.8.2 (Default branch)
08-14-2008
The STX B+ Tree package is a set of C++ template classes implementing a B+ tree key/data container in main memory. The classes are designed as drop-in replacements of the STL containers set, map, multiset, and multimap, and follow their interfaces very closely. By packing multiple value pairs into each node of the tree, the B+ tree reduces heap fragmentation and utilizes cache-line effects better than the standard red-black binary tree. The tree algorithms are based on the implementation in Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest's Introduction into Algorithms, Jan Jannink's paper, and other algorithm resources. The classes contain extensive assertion and verification mechanisms to ensure the implementation's correctness by testing the tree invariants. License: GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) Changes:|
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gb_trees(3erl) Erlang Module Definition gb_trees(3erl) NAME
gb_trees - General Balanced Trees DESCRIPTION
An efficient implementation of Prof. Arne Andersson's General Balanced Trees. These have no storage overhead compared to unbalanced binary trees, and their performance is in general better than AVL trees. This module considers two keys as different if and only if they do not compare equal ( == ). DATA STRUCTURE
Data structure: - {Size, Tree}, where `Tree' is composed of nodes of the form: - {Key, Value, Smaller, Bigger}, and the "empty tree" node: - nil. There is no attempt to balance trees after deletions. Since deletions do not increase the height of a tree, this should be OK. Original balance condition h(T) <= ceil(c * log(|T|)) has been changed to the similar (but not quite equivalent) condition 2 ^ h(T) <= |T| ^ c . This should also be OK. Performance is comparable to the AVL trees in the Erlang book (and faster in general due to less overhead); the difference is that deletion works for these trees, but not for the book's trees. Behaviour is logarithmic (as it should be). DATA TYPES
gb_tree() = a GB tree EXPORTS
balance(Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Rebalances Tree1 . Note that this is rarely necessary, but may be motivated when a large number of nodes have been deleted from the tree without further insertions. Rebalancing could then be forced in order to minimise lookup times, since deletion only does not rebalance the tree. delete(Key, Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Key = term() Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Removes the node with key Key from Tree1 ; returns new tree. Assumes that the key is present in the tree, crashes otherwise. delete_any(Key, Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Key = term() Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Removes the node with key Key from Tree1 if the key is present in the tree, otherwise does nothing; returns new tree. empty() -> Tree Types Tree = gb_tree() Returns a new empty tree enter(Key, Val, Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Key = Val = term() Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Inserts Key with value Val into Tree1 if the key is not present in the tree, otherwise updates Key to value Val in Tree1 . Returns the new tree. from_orddict(List) -> Tree Types List = [{Key, Val}] Key = Val = term() Tree = gb_tree() Turns an ordered list List of key-value tuples into a tree. The list must not contain duplicate keys. get(Key, Tree) -> Val Types Key = Val = term() Tree = gb_tree() Retrieves the value stored with Key in Tree . Assumes that the key is present in the tree, crashes otherwise. lookup(Key, Tree) -> {value, Val} | none Types Key = Val = term() Tree = gb_tree() Looks up Key in Tree ; returns {value, Val} , or none if Key is not present. insert(Key, Val, Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Key = Val = term() Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Inserts Key with value Val into Tree1 ; returns the new tree. Assumes that the key is not present in the tree, crashes otherwise. is_defined(Key, Tree) -> bool() Types Tree = gb_tree() Returns true if Key is present in Tree , otherwise false . is_empty(Tree) -> bool() Types Tree = gb_tree() Returns true if Tree is an empty tree, and false otherwise. iterator(Tree) -> Iter Types Tree = gb_tree() Iter = term() Returns an iterator that can be used for traversing the entries of Tree ; see next/1 . The implementation of this is very efficient; traversing the whole tree using next/1 is only slightly slower than getting the list of all elements using to_list/1 and traversing that. The main advantage of the iterator approach is that it does not require the complete list of all elements to be built in mem- ory at one time. keys(Tree) -> [Key] Types Tree = gb_tree() Key = term() Returns the keys in Tree as an ordered list. largest(Tree) -> {Key, Val} Types Tree = gb_tree() Key = Val = term() Returns {Key, Val} , where Key is the largest key in Tree , and Val is the value associated with this key. Assumes that the tree is nonempty. map(Function, Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Function = fun(K, V1) -> V2 Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() maps the function F(K, V1) -> V2 to all key-value pairs of the tree Tree1 and returns a new tree Tree2 with the same set of keys as Tree1 and the new set of values V2. next(Iter1) -> {Key, Val, Iter2} | none Types Iter1 = Iter2 = Key = Val = term() Returns {Key, Val, Iter2} where Key is the smallest key referred to by the iterator Iter1 , and Iter2 is the new iterator to be used for traversing the remaining nodes, or the atom none if no nodes remain. size(Tree) -> int() Types Tree = gb_tree() Returns the number of nodes in Tree . smallest(Tree) -> {Key, Val} Types Tree = gb_tree() Key = Val = term() Returns {Key, Val} , where Key is the smallest key in Tree , and Val is the value associated with this key. Assumes that the tree is nonempty. take_largest(Tree1) -> {Key, Val, Tree2} Types Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Key = Val = term() Returns {Key, Val, Tree2} , where Key is the largest key in Tree1 , Val is the value associated with this key, and Tree2 is this tree with the corresponding node deleted. Assumes that the tree is nonempty. take_smallest(Tree1) -> {Key, Val, Tree2} Types Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Key = Val = term() Returns {Key, Val, Tree2} , where Key is the smallest key in Tree1 , Val is the value associated with this key, and Tree2 is this tree with the corresponding node deleted. Assumes that the tree is nonempty. to_list(Tree) -> [{Key, Val}] Types Tree = gb_tree() Key = Val = term() Converts a tree into an ordered list of key-value tuples. update(Key, Val, Tree1) -> Tree2 Types Key = Val = term() Tree1 = Tree2 = gb_tree() Updates Key to value Val in Tree1 ; returns the new tree. Assumes that the key is present in the tree. values(Tree) -> [Val] Types Tree = gb_tree() Val = term() Returns the values in Tree as an ordered list, sorted by their corresponding keys. Duplicates are not removed. SEE ALSO
gb_sets(3erl) , dict(3erl) Ericsson AB stdlib 1.17.3 gb_trees(3erl)