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An awk statement has the form:
condition {action}

Conditions in awk control the execution of actions and actions are executed when the condition is true.

If the condition is true (1 is true)...

It finds lines ending with a space (/ $/), and prints the number of spaces at the end of the line by subtracting the position of the first or all space at the end of the line (match($0, / +$/) from...

awk '/ $/ {print length - match($0, / +$/) + 1, $0}' file