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That is correct...you cant embed variables in a /regexp/...

if you know it's checking the 3-rd field, you should be able to adjust it for 'anywhere'....

awk -v a='000' '$0 ~ a' file1.txt

I don't follow. What's wrong with the solution?

awk -v a='000' '$3 ~ a' file1.txt

You are missing an option:
#!/bin/ksh
set -x
n=1
a=45
echo "1,2,3,4"|awk -F "," -v a=$a -v n=$n 'NR==n{$3=a}1' OFS=","

Because you reformatted the output by modifying a field, just set the print output separator to the one you want:

$ echo "1,2,3,4"|nawk -F "," 'NR==n{$3=a}1' n=1 a=45 OFS=","
1,2,45,4

I have been fighting a losing battle with the flu. I didn't realize it had affected my ability to read and write code. Please accept my humble apologies.

The arguments to Chubler_XL's rot()...

In Chubler_XL's function rot(), change the line:
for(i=start;i<=length(string);i++) {to:
for(i=length(string);i;i--) {

I would have thought this would be obvious by now, but:
$5=rot($5)
replaces the 5th field with every alphanumeric character (starting at the beginning of the field through the end of the field)...

Like this:

k3=17
awk -F\* -v k3="$k3" '
...
NR == k3 { $5=rot($5) } 1 ' $file

or this

k3='NM1\\*IL\\*1*'
awk -F\* -v k3="$k3" '
...
$0 ~ k3 { $5=rot($5,1,4) } 1' $file

Looks like some more flexibility in the code could help you change things to get what you require.

Start with this for example 2 (Change all of field 5):

awk -F\* '
function...

You have changed your requirements so many times that I have absolutely no idea what you want to do. Please give us a complete set of requirements.

Are we processing a single line in a file or...

This should match on field three, notice how if matching the "*" (star) character two backquotes are needed.

The star on the end is to match with the rest of the string so example is looking for...

@ Don

You are right as always ! I tested it on GNU Awk 3.1.7, without warnings it worked there.

I'm not concerned about your English. You are much better at English than I am in your native language! (When I attended college, I was allowed to use proficiency in FORTRAN and CDC assembler to...

Don I don't know about the OS/X, and in second example I mean to say retain 1st five char and 5th char onwards to length of line replace with some string, Sorry for bad English

Note that the standards say that the results are unspecified if an empty string is assigned to FS. Some versions of awk will produce the output you showed above in your first example. The version...

So there were two off by one errors. Also change:
for(i=1;i<length(F);i++)N[substr(F,i,1)]=substr(T,i,1);to:
for(i=1;i<=length(F);i++)N[substr(F,i,1)]=substr(T,i,1);

Many versions of awk limit the length of a line to LINE_MAX bytes. The value of LINE_MAX on your system can be found using getconf LINE_MAX). But it looks like there is an off by one error that is...

Yes found that Issue and corrected the posted code - please try again

not quite sure what 'you want or any other suggestion' - Don's explanation seems to be clear to me explaining what you're getting.
If for example, you want to change A to Z, but if there was a...

How about this:

awk '
BEGIN{
F="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"
T="ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBAzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcba9876543210"
...

Maybe you didn't realize that if you change all occurrences of A to Z and then change all occurrences of Z to A, everything that was an A or a Z in the original input will be an A in the output. The...

See what happens if N1 had been set using N1='$(echo *)' when you run that eval command.

Then imagine what would happen if a malicious user changed echo to rm -rf when he/she provided the value to...

What are you actually trying to do? Use the value of N1 as part of the variable name?

If you're on bash, you could do something like:
$ N1=1
$ a1=18
$ varname="a${N1}"
$ f1=${!varname}
$ echo...