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That you can run sudo -n true doesn't always mean you're root. Sometimes it just means you ran sudo recently enough it isn't asking for your password again. Check if UID is 0 too.

Those are round braces, not curly braces, and they create a sub-shell. Right now their only side-effect is wasting time and memory, but if you make a habit of that you'll discover that variable...

For starters, you almost never need to use $?, a normal if-statement will do. Written this way, you can kind of see the logic. "If not sudo, then ..."

Not sure if it's really a simplification...

If you move the sudo outside the if (and therefore run it every time) the code will call itself every time, and call itself, and call itself..........

The exit is necessary because otherwise you...

Not seeing from here what "$0" (the running programs name) and "$@" (a list of all comand line arguments to the running program) contains or any other parts of the environment you execute the snippet...