hpux man page for sendmail

sendmail(1M)															      sendmail(1M)

NAME
       sendmail - send mail over the Internet

SYNOPSIS
       [mode] [flags] [address ...]

DESCRIPTION
       sends a message to one or more recipients or addresses and routes the message over whatever networks are necessary.  does internetwork for-
       warding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct place.

       is not intended as a user interface routine.  Other programs provide user-friendly front ends.  is used only to deliver pre-formatted  mes-
       sages.

       With  no  flags	specified in the command line, reads its standard input up to an end-of-file or a line consisting only of a single dot and
       sends a copy of the message found there to all of the addresses listed in the command line.  It determines the network(s) to use  based	on
       the syntax and contents of the addresses, according to information in the configuration file.  The default configuration file is

       Local  addresses are looked up in a file and aliased appropriately, and also supports the use of NIS and LDAP for address lookup.  Aliasing
       can be prevented by preceding the address with a backslash Normally the sender is not included in any alias expansions.	 For  example,	if
       `john' sends to `group', and `group' includes `john' in the expansion, then the letter will not be delivered to `john'.

       If  is invoked, will rebuild the alias database.  is identical to See newaliases(1M).  Mail that is temporarily undeliverable is saved in a
       mail queue.  If is invoked, will print the contents of the mail queue.  The mail queue files are in  the  directory  is	identical  to  See
       mailq(1).

       For mail delivery failures, users get a Delivery Status Notification (DSN).

	      Note:  DSNs resulting from attempts to relay a message to one or more recipients will contain a "Diagnostic-Code" message citing the
	      reasons for failure.  This message will not contain the user's address.

       A non-root user does not have access to the files and databases associated with for example, and

	      Note: Only root users are privileged to kill any process.  Non-root users cannot send signals to their process.

   Arguments
       recognizes the following arguments:

	      mode	A mode selected from those described in the "Modes" subsection below. Only one mode can be specified.  The default is

	      address	The address of a recipient.  Several addresses can be specified.

	      flags	A flag selected from those described in the "Flags" subsection below.  Several flags can be specified.

   Modes
       operates in one of the following modes.	The default is deliver mail in the usual way.

	      Go into ARPANET mode.
		     All input lines must end with a CR-LF, and all messages will be generated with a CR-LF at the end.  Also, the  ``From:''  and
		     ``Sender:'' fields are examined for the name of the sender.

	      Run as a daemon.
		     will fork and run in background listening on socket 25 for incoming SMTP connections.

	      Run as a daemon, but run in foreground.

	      Print the persistent host status database.

	      Purge the persistent host status database.

	      Initialize the alias database
		     for the mail aliases file.  is identical to See newaliases(1M).

	      Deliver mail in the usual way (default).

	      Print a listing of the mail queue.
		     is identical to See mailq(1).

	      Use the SMTP protocol as described in RFC821
		     on standard input and output.  This flag implies all the operations of the ba flag that are compatible with SMTP.

	      Run in address test mode.
		     This mode reads addresses and shows the steps in parsing; it is used for debugging configuration tables.

	      Verify names only; i.e, do not try to collect or deliver a message.
		     Verify mode is normally used for validating users or mailing lists.

   Flags
       recognizes the following flags:

	      Use the	  file even if the operation mode does not indicate an initial mail submission.

	      Use the	  file even if the operation mode indicates an initial mail submission.

	      Set the body type.
			  type can be either or

	      Use alternate configuration file.
			  refuses to run as root if an alternate configuration file is specified.

	      Set debugging value to
			  X.  X can also be of the form category.level (eg; A low level or category produces less output; but a high level or cat-
			  egory produces more output. The default for category is 0 and that for level is 1.

	      Set the full name of the sender.

	      Set the name of the ``from'' person
			  (i.e., the sender of the mail) to name.  If the user of the option is not a ``trusted'' user (normally root, daemon, and
			  network)  and  if  the  name set using the option and the login name of the person actually sending the mail are not the
			  same, then it results in an in the mail header.

	      Relay the message without any processing.

	      Set the hop count to
			  N.  The hop count is incremented every time the mail is processed.  When it reaches a limit, the mail is  returned  with
			  an error message, the victim of an aliasing loop.  If not specified, ``Received:'' lines in the message are counted.

	      Ignore dots alone in lines by themselves in incoming messages.
			  This should be set if you are reading from a file.

	      Specify an identifier to be used in
			  messages.  The identifier is set to tag.

	      Do not do aliasing.

	      Set delivery status notification conditions.
			  Following are the valid conditions to which dsn can be set:

			  For no notifications.
			  If delivery failed.
			  If delivery is delayed.
			  When message is successfully delivered.

	      Set the configuration option
			  option to a specified value.	Options are described below in "Processing Options."

	      Set option  x to a specified value.  Options are described below in "Processing Options."

	      Set the name of the protocol used to receive the message.  This
			  can be a simple protocol name such as or a protocol and hostname, such as

	      Process saved messages in the queue at given intervals.
			  If  time is omitted, process the queue once.	time is given as a tagged number, with being seconds, being minutes, being
			  hours, being days, and being weeks.  For example, or would both set the timeout to one hour thirty minutes.  If time	is
			  specified, will run in background.  This option can be used safely with

	      Similar to  except that instead of periodically forking a child to process the queue, forks a single persistent child for each queue
			  that alternates between processing the queue and sleeping.  The sleep time is given as an argument and default value for
			  the sleep time is 1 second.  The process sleeps for at least 5 seconds if the queue was empty in the previous queue run.

	      Process saved messages in the queue once and do not
			  but run in the foreground.

	      Process jobs only in the queue called
			  name.

	      Limit processed jobs to those containing
			  substr as a substring of the queue ID.  When is specified, limit processed jobs to those not containing substr as a sub-
			  string of the queue ID.

	      Limit processed jobs to quarantined jobs containing
			  substr as a substring of the quarantine reason, or limit jobs to those not containing the substring when is specified.

	      Quarantine a normal queue with the given reason or unquarantine
			  a quarantined queue if a reason is not given.  This option must be used with a matching item.

	      Limit processed jobs to those containing
			  substr as a substring of one of the recipients, or limit jobs to those not containing the substring when is specified.

	      Limit processed jobs to those containing
			  substr as a substring of the sender, or limit jobs to those not containing the substring when is specified.

	      An alternate and obsolete form of the
			  flag.

	      Set the amount of the message to be returned if the message bounces.
			  The values that can be set for return are as follows:

			  To return the entire message
			  To return only the headers.

	      Read message for recipients.
			  To:, Cc:, and Bcc: lines will be scanned for recipient addresses.  The Bcc: line will be deleted before transmission.

	      Initial (user) submission.  This flag should always be set when
			  is called from a user agent such as or This flag should never be set when called from a network delivery agent such as

	      Go into verbose mode.
			  Alias expansions will be announced, etc.

	      Set the original envelope identification.  This is propagated across SMTP
			  to servers that support DSN's (delivery status notification) and is returned in DSN-compliant error messages.

	      Log all traffic in and out of mailers in the indicated
			  logfile.  This should only be used as a last resort for debugging mailer bugs.  It will log a lot of data very quickly.

	      Stop processing command flags and use the rest of the arguments
			  as addresses.

   Processing Options
       There are various processing options available.	Normally these will only be used by a system administrator.  Options may be set either	on
       the command line using the flag or in the configuration file, The options are:

	      Use alternate alias file.

	      If set,	  logs transient error messages as messages at else it logs as messages at

	      On mailers that are considered ``expensive'' to connect to,
			  do not initiate immediate connection.  This requires queuing.

	      Checkpoint the queue file after every
			  N  successful  deliveries  (default  10).  This avoids excessive duplicate deliveries when sending to long mailing lists
			  interrupted by system crashes.

	      Set the delivery mode to
			  x.  The delivery modes are:

			  background (asynchronous) delivery.

			  deferred; the same as
				except that database lookups (DNS and NIS lookups) are avoided.

			  interactive (synchronous) delivery.

			  queue only; expect the messages to be delivered
				the next time when the queue is run.

	      Set error processing to mode
			  x.  The valid modes are:

			  do special processing for the BerkNet.

			  mail back the error message.

			  print the errors on the terminal
				(default).

			  throw away error messages
				(only exit status is returned).

			  ``write'' back the error message
				(or mail it back if the sender is not logged in).

			  If the text of the message is not mailed back by modes or and if the sender is local to this machine, then a copy of the
			  message is appended to the file in the sender's home directory.

	      Save UNIX -style
			  ``From'' lines at the front of messages.

	      Use this option to set the maximum number of times a message is allowed to
			  ``hop'' before it is considered in a loop.

	      Use this option to instruct
			  to ignore dots in a line by themselves as a message terminator.

	      Send error messages in MIME format.

	      Set connection cache timeout.

	      Set connection cache size.

	      Set the log level.

	      Send to ``me'' (the sender) also if the sender is in an alias expansion.

	      Validate the right hand side of aliases during a
			  command. See newaliases(1M).

	      Set this option to have
			  old style headers in the message. If not set, this message is guaranteed to have new style headers (i.e., commas instead
			  of spaces between addresses). If set, an adaptive algorithm is used that will correctly determine the header	format	in
			  most cases.

	      Select the directory in which the messages are to be queued.

	      Use this option to save mail traffic statistics into the specified
			  file.

	      Define the location of the system-wide
			  file.

	      Override the connection address (for testing).

	      Define trusted user for changing the file ownership and also for
			  starting the daemon.

	      Set this option to create a daemon control socket.  This socket
			  allows an external program to control and query status from the running daemon via a named socket.

	      Limit the size of MIME
			  headers  and	parameters  within  those headers.  This option is intended to protect mail user agents (MUAs) from buffer
			  overflow attacks.

	      Specify the maximum depth of alias recursion.

	      Define the location of the pid file.  The
			  file will be the default even if this option is not set.

	      Specify a prefix string for the process title shown in
			  listings.

	      Control the maximum size of a memory-buffered data (df) file before a
			  disk-based file is used.

	      Control the maximum size of a memory-buffered transcript (xf) file before a
			  disk-based file is used.

	      Use this option to list all the authentication mechanisms used.

	      Set filename that contains authentication information for
			  outgoing connections.  This file must contain the user id, the authorization id, the	password  (plain  text),  and  the
			  realm  to  use,  each on a separate line and must be readable by root (or the trusted user) only.  If no realm is speci-
			  fied, will be used.

	      If this option is set to 'A' then the
			  parameter for the MAIL FROM command is issued only when the authentication succeeds.

	      Default map specification for LDAP maps.	The
			  value should contain only LDAP specific settings like etc.  The settings will be used for all LDAP maps unless they  are
			  specified in the individual map specification command).

	      Path to directory with certs of CAs.

	      File containing one CA cert.

	      File containing the cert of the server; i.e., this cert
			  is used when acts as a server.

	      File containing the private key belonging to the server cert.

	      File containing the cert of the client; i.e., this cert is used when
			  acts as a client.

	      File containing the private key belonging to the client cert.

	      File containing the DH parameters.

	      File containing random data (use prefix
			  or the name of the UNIX socket if EGD is used (use prefix

	      Set this option to limit the total time spent in satisfying a control
			  socket request.

	      Use this option to set the resolver's retransmission time interval in seconds.
			  This also sets and options.

	      Use this option to set the resolver's retransmission time interval in seconds
			  for the first attempt to deliver a message.

	      Use this option to set the resolver's retransmission time interval in seconds
			  for all resolver lookups except the first delivery attempt.

	      Use this option to set the number of times to retransmit a resolver query.
			  This also sets and options.

	      Use this option to set the number of times to retransmit a resolver query for
			  the first attempt to deliver a message.

	      Use this option to set the number of times to retransmit a resolver query for
			  all resolver lookups except the first delivery attempt.

	      Use this option to set the timeout on undelivered messages in the queue to the
			  specified  time.   The  failed  messages will be returned to the sender after the delivery fails for this amount of time
			  (e.g., because of a host being down).  The default is three days.

	      Set this option to get forwarding information from the user database.  You
			  can consider this as an adjunct to the aliasing mechanism, except that the  database	is  intended  to  be  distributed;
			  aliases are local to a particular host.

	      Use this option to fork each job during queue runs.
			  This may be convenient on memory-poor machines.

	      Use this option to strip incoming messages to seven bits.

	      Set the handling of 8-bit input to 7-bit destinations.  Mode can be
			  set to the following values:

			  Convert to 7-bit MIME format.
			  Pass it as eight bits.
			  Bounce the mail.

	      Use this option to set the time interval between attempts to send a message from the queue.

	      Use this option to set the default character-set used to label 8-bit data
			  that is not otherwise labeled.

	      If opening a connection fails, sleep for
			  sleeptime seconds and try again.  This is useful on dial-on-demand sites.

	      Use this option to set the behaviour when there are no recipient headers
			  (To:, Cc: or Bcc:) in a message to action.  The action can be set to the following values:

			  Leaves the message unchanged.

			  Adds a	 header with the envelope recipients.

			  Adds an	 header with the envelope recipients.

			  Adds an empty

			  Adds a header reading

	      Use this option to set the maximum number of children that an incoming
			  SMTP daemon will allow to spawn at any time to N.

	      Use this option to set the maximum number of connections per second to
			  the SMTP port to N.

	      Use this option to rebuild the alias database
			  when needed.	Setting this option may cause excessive overhead and is not recommended.

	      Use this option to turn off the inclusion of all
			  the  interface  names  in  on  startup.   In	particular, if you have many virtual interfaces, this option speeds up the
			  startup.  However, unless you make other arrangements, mails sent to those addresses will bounce.  This  is  useful  for
			  sending mail to hosts which have dynamically assigned names.

	      This	  options  allows  you to bypass some of file security checks at the expense of system security.  This should be used only
			  if you are aware of the consequences.  The options available for are:

	      Set this option to true, to prevent program deliveries from picking up extra
			  group privileges.

	      Use this option to limit the number of recipients,
			  no_of_recipients that will be accepted in a single SMTP transaction.	After this number  is  reached,  starts  returning
			  "452 Too many recipients" to all commands.  This can be used to limit the number of recipients per envelope (in particu-
			  lar, to discourage use of the server for spamming).  Note: A better approach is to restrict relaying entirely.

	      Use this option to specify the maximum length of the sum of all headers,
			  max_header_length.  This can be used to prevent a Denial-of-Service(DoS) attack.

	      Use this option to enable
			  do a to that user early in processing to avoid potential security problems.  However, this means that directory owned by
			  the user and all and files must be readable by that user, and all files to be written must be writable by that user, and
			  all programs will be executed by that user.  It is also incompatible with the option.  In other words, it may not  actu-
			  ally	add much to security.  However, it should be useful on firewalls and other places where users do not have accounts
			  and the file is well constrained.

	      Files named as delivery targets must be regular files in addition
			  to the regular checks in order to use this option.  Also, if the option is non-null, then it is used as the  name  of  a
			  directory  that  is  used as a environment for the delivery; the file names listed in an alias or forward should include
			  the name of this root.

	      Use this option to sort the queue based on the following values:

			  This makes better use of the connection cache, but may delay more
				      ``interactive'' messages behind large backlogs under some circumstances.	It  is	recommended  to  use  this
				      option if you have high speed links or do not process too many ``batch'' messages; it might not perform bet-
				      ter, if you are using something like PPP on a 14.4 modem.

			  This option causes the queue to be sorted strictly on the time of submission.
				      This might adversely affect the performance over slow lines and on nodes with  heavy  traffic.   Also,  this
				      does  not  guarantee  that jobs will be delivered in submission order unless you set option.  In general, it
				      should be used only on the command line, and in conjunction with

			  This option sorts the queue by filename.  This avoids opening
				      and reading each queue file while preparing to run the queue.  This will speed up the queue processing.

	      The	  flag can be set to the following values:

			  Allow open access.

			  Insist on HELO (or EHLO) before the MAIL command.

			  Insist on HELO (or EHLO) before the EXPN command.

			  Disallow EXPN command totally.

			  Insist on HELO (or EHLO) before the VRFY command.

			  Disallow VRFY command totally.

			  Restrict mailq command.

			  Restrict -q command-line flag.

			  Do not return success DSN's.

			  Disallow essentially all SMTP status queries.

			  Put		      headers in messages if HELO was not used inside SMTP transaction.

			  Flag to disable the SMTP VERB command.

			  Flag to disable the SMTP ETRN command.

			  By default, and are enabled.

	      The fields currently supported by
			  are:

			  The values can be either
					      or The default value is

			  IP address or hostname

			  Name of the agent   or

			  Port number (for    the port number should be 587)

			  Send buffer size

			  Receive buffer size

			  Listen queue size

			  Modifier flags.

			  Following are the values to which the modifier flag can be set:

			  Require authentication.

			  Bind to interface through which mail has been received.

			  Pass the address for canonification.

			  Enable fully qualified address for From address.

			  Use name of interface for outgoing HELO command.

			  Disable fully qualified address for From address.

			  Do not pass the address for canonification.

			  Turn off ETRN connections.

			       Note: In order to use the IPv6 feature, you need to set the with If this option	is  set  with  a  separate  daemon
			       starts at port 587 that acts as a Message Submission Agent (MSA).

	      This option is similar to
		   but meant for outgoing connections.	See above for the option values available.

   Aliases
       You can set up system aliases and user forwarding.  The and files are described in the aliases(5) manpage.

EXIT STATUS
       returns an exit status describing what it did.  The codes are defined in

	      Successful completion on all addresses.

	      User name not recognized.

	      Catchall meaning necessary resources
				    were not available.

	      Syntax error in address.

	      Internal software error,
				    including bad arguments.

	      Temporary operating system error,
				    such as ``cannot fork'' .

	      Host name not recognized.

	      Message could not be sent immediately,
				    but was queued.

WARNING
       Terminating and restarting the daemon may not be instantaneous.

AUTHOR
       The command was developed by the University of California, Berkeley, and originally appeared in BSD 4.2.

FILES
       User's mail forwarding file

       User's failed message file

       Except  for  the  file  and  the daemon process ID file, the below mentioned default pathnames are all specified in the configuration file,
       These default file names can be overridden in the configuration file.

       raw data for alias names
       data base of alias names
       configuration file
       help file
       collected statistics
       mail queue files
       The process id of the daemon
       The list of all hostnames that are recognized as
					  local, which causes to accept mail for these hosts and attempt local delivery
       configuration file for the name-service switch

SEE ALSO
       elm(1), expand_alias(1), idlookup(1), mail(1), mailq(1), mailstats(1), mailx(1),  praliases(1),	convert_awk(1M),  identd(1M),  killsm(1M),
       mtail(1M), newaliases(1M), smrsh(1M), aliases(5).

																      sendmail(1M)