select(2) [ultrix man page]
select(2) System Calls Manual select(2) Name select - synchronous I/O multiplexing Syntax #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/time.h> int select (nfds, readfds, writefds, exceptfds, timeout) int nfsd; fd_set *readfds, *writefds, *exceptfds; struct timeval *timeout; FD_SET (fd, fdset) FD_CLR (fd, fdset) FD_ISSET (fd, fdset) FD_ZERO (fdset) int fd; fd_set *fdset; Description The system call examines the I/O descriptor sets whose addresses are passed in readfds, writefds, and exceptfds to see if some of their descriptors are ready for reading, ready for writing, or have an exceptional condition pending. The nfds parameter is the number of bits to be checked in each bit mask that represent a file descriptor; the descriptors from 0 through nfds-1 in the descriptor sets are examined. Typically nfds has the value returned by for the maximum number of file descriptors. On return, replaces the given descriptor sets with subsets consisting of those descriptors that are ready for the requested operation. The total number of ready descriptors in all the sets is returned. The descriptor sets are stored as bit fields in arrays of integers. The following macros are provided for manipulating such descriptor sets: FD_ZERO(fds descriptor set fdset to the null set. FD_SET(fd, fdset) includes a particular descriptor fd in fdset. FD_CLR(fd, fdset) removes fd from fdset. FD_ISSET(fd, fdset) is nonzero if fd is a member of fdset, zero otherwise. The behavior of these macros is undefined if a descriptor value is less than zero or greater than or equal to FD_SETSIZE, which is equal to the maximum number of descriptors that can be supported by the system. If timeout is not a NULL pointer, it specifies a maximum interval to wait for the selection to complete. If timeout is a NULL pointer, the select blocks indefinitely. To effect a poll, the timeout argument should be a non-NULL pointer, pointing to a zero-valued timeval struc- ture. Any of readfds, writefds, and exceptfds may be given as NULL pointers if no descriptors are of interest. Selecting true for reading on a socket descriptor upon which a call has been performed indicates that a subsequent call on that descriptor will not block. Restrictions The call may indicate that a descriptor is ready for writing when in fact an attempt to write would block. This can happen if system resources necessary for a write are exhausted or otherwise unavailable. If an application deems it critical that writes to a file descrip- tor not block, it should set the descriptor for non-blocking I/O using the F_SETFL request to the call. Return Values The call returns a non-negative value on success. A positive value indicates the number of ready descriptors in the descriptor sets. A 0 indicates that the time limit referred to by timeout expired. On failure, returns -1, sets errno to indicate the error, and the descriptor sets are not changed. Diagnostics [EBADF] One of the descriptor sets specified an invalid descriptor. [EFAULT] One of the pointers given in the call referred to a non-existent portion of the process' address space. [EINTR] A signal was delivered before any of the selected events occurred, or before the time limit expired. [EINVAL] A component of the pointed-to time limit is outside the acceptable range; t_sec must be between 0 and 10^8, inclusive. t_usec must be greater than or equal to 0, and less than 10^6. See Also accept(2), connect(2), fcntl(2), gettimeofday(2), listen(2), read(2), recv(2), send(2), write(2), getdtablesize(2) select(2)
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SELECT(2) BSD System Calls Manual SELECT(2) NAME
select -- synchronous I/O multiplexing LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc) SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/select.h> int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *timeout); FD_SET(fd, &fdset); FD_CLR(fd, &fdset); FD_ISSET(fd, &fdset); FD_ZERO(&fdset); DESCRIPTION
The select() system call examines the I/O descriptor sets whose addresses are passed in readfds, writefds, and exceptfds to see if some of their descriptors are ready for reading, are ready for writing, or have an exceptional condition pending, respectively. The only exceptional condition detectable is out-of-band data received on a socket. The first nfds descriptors are checked in each set; i.e., the descriptors from 0 through nfds-1 in the descriptor sets are examined. On return, select() replaces the given descriptor sets with subsets consisting of those descriptors that are ready for the requested operation. The select() system call returns the total number of ready descriptors in all the sets. The descriptor sets are stored as bit fields in arrays of integers. The following macros are provided for manipulating such descriptor sets: FD_ZERO(&fdset) initializes a descriptor set fdset to the null set. FD_SET(fd, &fdset) includes a particular descriptor fd in fdset. FD_CLR(fd, &fdset) removes fd from fdset. FD_ISSET(fd, &fdset) is non-zero if fd is a member of fdset, zero otherwise. The behavior of these macros is undefined if a descriptor value is less than zero or greater than or equal to FD_SETSIZE, which is normally at least equal to the maximum number of descriptors supported by the system. If timeout is not a null pointer, it specifies the maximum interval to wait for the selection to complete. System activity can lengthen the interval by an indeterminate amount. If timeout is a null pointer, the select blocks indefinitely. To effect a poll, the timeout argument should not be a null pointer, but it should point to a zero-valued timeval structure. Any of readfds, writefds, and exceptfds may be given as null pointers if no descriptors are of interest. RETURN VALUES
The select() system call returns the number of ready descriptors that are contained in the descriptor sets, or -1 if an error occurred. If the time limit expires, select() returns 0. If select() returns with an error, including one due to an interrupted system call, the descrip- tor sets will be unmodified. ERRORS
An error return from select() indicates: [EBADF] One of the descriptor sets specified an invalid descriptor. [EFAULT] One of the arguments readfds, writefds, exceptfds, or timeout points to an invalid address. [EINTR] A signal was delivered before the time limit expired and before any of the selected events occurred. [EINVAL] The specified time limit is invalid. One of its components is negative or too large. [EINVAL] The nfds argument was invalid. SEE ALSO
accept(2), connect(2), getdtablesize(2), gettimeofday(2), kqueue(2), poll(2), read(2), recv(2), send(2), write(2), clocks(7) NOTES
The default size of FD_SETSIZE is currently 1024. In order to accommodate programs which might potentially use a larger number of open files with select(), it is possible to increase this size by having the program define FD_SETSIZE before the inclusion of any header which includes <sys/types.h>. If nfds is greater than the number of open files, select() is not guaranteed to examine the unused file descriptors. For historical reasons, select() will always examine the first 256 descriptors. STANDARDS
The select() system call and FD_CLR(), FD_ISSET(), FD_SET(), and FD_ZERO() macros conform with IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (``POSIX.1''). HISTORY
The select() system call appeared in 4.2BSD. BUGS
Version 2 of the Single UNIX Specification (``SUSv2'') allows systems to modify the original timeout in place. Thus, it is unwise to assume that the timeout value will be unmodified by the select() system call. FreeBSD does not modify the return value, which can cause problems for applications ported from other systems. BSD
November 17, 2002 BSD