virt-rescue(1) Virtualization Support virt-rescue(1)
NAME
virt-rescue - Run a rescue shell on a virtual machine
SYNOPSIS
virt-rescue [--options] -d domname
virt-rescue [--options] -a disk.img [-a disk.img ...]
virt-rescue --suggest (-d domname | -a disk.img ...)
Old style:
virt-rescue [--options] domname
virt-rescue [--options] disk.img [disk.img ...]
WARNING
You must not use "virt-rescue" on live virtual machines. Doing so will probably result in disk corruption in the VM. "virt-rescue" tries
to stop you from doing this, but doesn't catch all cases.
However if you use the --ro (read only) option, then you can attach a shell to a live virtual machine. The results might be strange or
inconsistent at times but you won't get disk corruption.
DESCRIPTION
virt-rescue is like a Rescue CD, but for virtual machines, and without the need for a CD. virt-rescue gives you a rescue shell and some
simple recovery tools which you can use to examine or rescue a virtual machine or disk image.
You can run virt-rescue on any virtual machine known to libvirt, or directly on disk image(s):
virt-rescue -d GuestName
virt-rescue --ro -a /path/to/disk.img
virt-rescue -a /dev/sdc
For live VMs you must use the --ro option.
When you run virt-rescue on a virtual machine or disk image, you are placed in an interactive bash shell where you can use many ordinary
Linux commands. What you see in "/" ("/bin", "/lib" etc) is the rescue appliance. You must mount the virtual machine's filesystems by
hand. There is an empty directory called "/sysroot" where you can mount filesystems.
You can get virt-rescue to suggest mount commands for you by using the --suggest option (in another terminal):
$ virt-rescue --suggest -d Fedora15
Inspecting the virtual machine or disk image ...
This disk contains one or more operating systems. You can use these
mount commands in virt-rescue (at the ><rescue> prompt) to mount the
filesystems.
# /dev/vg_f15x32/lv_root is the root of a linux operating system
# type: linux, distro: fedora, version: 15.0
# Fedora release 15 (Lovelock)
mount /dev/vg_f15x32/lv_root /sysroot/
mount /dev/vda1 /sysroot/boot
mount --bind /dev /sysroot/dev
mount --bind /dev/pts /sysroot/dev/pts
mount --bind /proc /sysroot/proc
mount --bind /sys /sysroot/sys
Another way is to list the logical volumes (with lvs(8)) and partitions (with parted(8)) and mount them by hand:
><rescue> lvs
LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lv_root vg_f15x32 -wi-a- 8.83G
lv_swap vg_f15x32 -wi-a- 992.00M
><rescue> mount /dev/vg_f15x32/lv_root /sysroot
><rescue> mount /dev/vda1 /sysroot/boot
><rescue> ls /sysroot
Another command to list available filesystems is virt-filesystems(1).
To run commands in a Linux guest (for example, grub), you should chroot into the /sysroot directory first:
><rescue> chroot /sysroot
NOTES
Virt-rescue can be used on any disk image file or device, not just a virtual machine. For example you can use it on a blank file if you
want to partition that file (although we would recommend using guestfish(1) instead as it is more suitable for this purpose). You can even
use virt-rescue on things like SD cards.
You can get virt-rescue to give you scratch disk(s) to play with. This is useful for testing out Linux utilities (see --scratch).
Virt-rescue does not require root. You only need to run it as root if you need root to open the disk image.
This tool is just designed for quick interactive hacking on a virtual machine. For more structured access to a virtual machine disk image,
you should use guestfs(3). To get a structured shell that you can use to make scripted changes to guests, use guestfish(1).
OPTIONS
--help
Display brief help.
-a file
--add file
Add file which should be a disk image from a virtual machine. If the virtual machine has multiple block devices, you must supply all
of them with separate -a options.
The format of the disk image is auto-detected. To override this and force a particular format use the --format=.. option.
--append kernelopts
Pass additional options to the rescue kernel.
-c URI
--connect URI
If using libvirt, connect to the given URI. If omitted, then we connect to the default libvirt hypervisor.
If you specify guest block devices directly (-a), then libvirt is not used at all.
-d guest
--domain guest
Add all the disks from the named libvirt guest. Domain UUIDs can be used instead of names.
--format=raw|qcow2|..
--format
The default for the -a option is to auto-detect the format of the disk image. Using this forces the disk format for -a options which
follow on the command line. Using --format with no argument switches back to auto-detection for subsequent -a options.
For example:
virt-rescue --format=raw -a disk.img
forces raw format (no auto-detection) for "disk.img".
virt-rescue --format=raw -a disk.img --format -a another.img
forces raw format (no auto-detection) for "disk.img" and reverts to auto-detection for "another.img".
If you have untrusted raw-format guest disk images, you should use this option to specify the disk format. This avoids a possible
security problem with malicious guests (CVE-2010-3851).
-m MB
--memsize MB
Change the amount of memory allocated to the rescue system. The default is set by libguestfs and is small but adequate for running
system tools. The occasional program might need more memory. The parameter is specified in megabytes.
--network
Enable QEMU user networking in the guest. See "NETWORK".
-r
--ro
Open the image read-only.
The option must always be used if the disk image or virtual machine might be running, and is generally recommended in cases where you
don't need write access to the disk.
See also "OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE" in guestfish(1).
--scratch
--scratch=N
The --scratch option adds a large scratch disk to the rescue appliance. --scratch=N adds "N" scratch disks. The scratch disk(s) are
deleted automatically when virt-rescue exits.
You can also mix -a, -d and --scratch options. The scratch disk(s) are added to the appliance in the order they appear on the command
line.
--selinux
Enable SELinux in the rescue appliance. You should read "SELINUX" in guestfs(3) before using this option.
--smp N
Enable N >= 2 virtual CPUs in the rescue appliance.
--suggest
Inspect the disk image and suggest what mount commands should be used to mount the disks. You should use the --suggest option in a
second terminal, then paste the commands into another virt-rescue.
This option implies --ro and is safe to use even if the guest is up or if another virt-rescue is running.
-v
--verbose
Enable verbose messages for debugging.
-V
--version
Display version number and exit.
-w
--rw
This changes the -a and -d options so that disks are added and mounts are done read-write.
See "OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE" in guestfish(1).
-x Enable tracing of libguestfs API calls.
OLD-STYLE COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
Previous versions of virt-rescue allowed you to write either:
virt-rescue disk.img [disk.img ...]
or
virt-rescue guestname
whereas in this version you should use -a or -d respectively to avoid the confusing case where a disk image might have the same name as a
guest.
For compatibility the old style is still supported.
NETWORK
Adding the --network option enables QEMU user networking in the rescue appliance. There are some differences between user networking and
ordinary networking:
ping does not work
Because the ICMP ECHO_REQUEST protocol generally requires root in order to send the ping packets, and because virt-rescue must be able
to run as non-root, QEMU user networking is not able to emulate the ping(8) command. The ping command will appear to resolve addresses
but will not be able to send or receive any packets. This does not mean that the network is not working.
cannot receive connections
QEMU user networking cannot receive incoming connections.
making TCP connections
The virt-rescue appliance needs to be small and so does not include many network tools. In particular there is no telnet(1) command.
You can make TCP connections from the shell using the magical "/dev/tcp/<hostname>/<port>" syntax:
exec 3<>/dev/tcp/redhat.com/80
echo "GET /" >&3
cat <&3
See bash(1) for more details.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
Several environment variables affect virt-rescue. See "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" in guestfs(3) for the complete list.
SHELL QUOTING
Libvirt guest names can contain arbitrary characters, some of which have meaning to the shell such as "#" and space. You may need to quote
or escape these characters on the command line. See the shell manual page sh(1) for details.
FILES
$HOME/.libguestfs-tools.rc
/etc/libguestfs-tools.conf
This configuration file controls the default read-only or read-write mode (--ro or --rw).
See "OPENING DISKS FOR READ AND WRITE" in guestfish(1).
SEE ALSO
guestfs(3), guestfish(1), virt-cat(1), virt-edit(1), virt-filesystems(1), <http://libguestfs.org/>.
AUTHOR
Richard W.M. Jones <http://people.redhat.com/~rjones/>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2009-2012 Red Hat Inc.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
libguestfs-1.18.1 2013-12-07 virt-rescue(1)