env(3pm) [redhat man page]
Env(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Env(3pm) NAME
Env - perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays SYNOPSIS
use Env; use Env qw(PATH HOME TERM); use Env qw($SHELL @LD_LIBRARY_PATH); DESCRIPTION
Perl maintains environment variables in a special hash named %ENV. For when this access method is inconvenient, the Perl module "Env" allows environment variables to be treated as scalar or array variables. The "Env::import()" function ties environment variables with suitable names to global Perl variables with the same names. By default it ties all existing environment variables ("keys %ENV") to scalars. If the "import" function receives arguments, it takes them to be a list of variables to tie; it's okay if they don't yet exist. The scalar type prefix '$' is inferred for any element of this list not prefixed by '$' or '@'. Arrays are implemented in terms of "split" and "join", using $Config::Config{path_sep} as the delimiter. After an environment variable is tied, merely use it like a normal variable. You may access its value @path = split(/:/, $PATH); print join(" ", @LD_LIBRARY_PATH), " "; or modify it $PATH .= ":."; push @LD_LIBRARY_PATH, $dir; however you'd like. Bear in mind, however, that each access to a tied array variable requires splitting the environment variable's string anew. The code: use Env qw(@PATH); push @PATH, '.'; is equivalent to: use Env qw(PATH); $PATH .= ":."; except that if $ENV{PATH} started out empty, the second approach leaves it with the (odd) value "":."", but the first approach leaves it with ""."". To remove a tied environment variable from the environment, assign it the undefined value undef $PATH; undef @LD_LIBRARY_PATH; LIMITATIONS
On VMS systems, arrays tied to environment variables are read-only. Attempting to change anything will cause a warning. AUTHOR
Chip Salzenberg <chip@fin.uucp> and Gregor N. Purdy <gregor@focusresearch.com> perl v5.8.0 2002-06-01 Env(3pm)
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Path(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Path(3pm) NAME
Env::Path - Advanced operations on path variables SYNOPSIS
use Env::Path; # basic usage my $manpath = Env::Path->MANPATH; $manpath->Append('/opt/samba/man'); for ($manpath->List) { print $_, " " }; # similar to above using the "implicit object" shorthand Env::Path->MANPATH; MANPATH->Append('/opt/samba/man'); for (MANPATH->List) { print $_, " " }; # one-shot use Env::Path->PATH->Append('/usr/sbin'); # change instances of /usr/local/bin to an architecture-specific dir Env::Path->PATH->Replace('/usr/local/bin', "/usr/local/$ENV{PLATFORM}/bin"); # more complex use (different names for same semantics) my $libpath; if ($^O =~ /aix/) { $libpath = Env::Path->LIBPATH; } else { $libpath = Env::Path->LD_LIBRARY_PATH; } $libpath->Assign(qw(/usr/lib /usr/openwin/lib)); $libpath->Prepend('/usr/ucblib') unless $libpath->Contains('/usr/ucblib'); $libpath->InsertAfter('/usr/ucblib', '/xx/yy/zz'); $libpath->Uniqify; $libpath->DeleteNonexistent; $libpath->Remove('/usr/local/lib'); print $libpath->Name, ":"; for ($libpath->List) { print " $_" }; print " "; # simplest usage: bless all existing EV's as Env::Path objects use Env::Path ':all'; my @cats = PATH->Whence('cat*'); print "@cats "; DESCRIPTION
Env::Path presents an object-oriented interface to path variables, defined as that subclass of environment variables which name an ordered list of filesystem elements separated by a platform-standard separator (typically ':' on UNIX and ';' on Windows). Of course, core Perl constructs such $ENV{PATH} .= ":/usr/local/bin"; will suffice for most uses. Env::Path is for the others; cases where you need to insert or remove interior path entries, strip redundancies, operate on a pathvar without having to know whether the current platform uses ":" or ";", operate on a pathvar which may have a different name on different platforms, etc. The OO interface is slightly unusual in that the environment variable is itself the object and the constructor is Env::Path->AUTOLOAD(); thus Env::Path->MANPATH; will bless $ENV{MANPATH} into its package while leaving it otherwise unmodified (with the exception of possible autovivification). Unlike most objects, this is a scalar and thus can have only one attribute; its value. In other words, Env::Path simply defines a set of methods a path variable may call on itself without changing the variable's value or other semantics. Also, while the object reference may be assigned and used in the normal style my $path = Env::Path->CLASSPATH; $path->Append('/opt/foo/classes.jar'); a shorthand is also available: Env::Path->CLASSPATH; CLASSPATH->Append('/opt/foo/classes.jar'); I.e. the name of the path variable may be used as a proxy for its object reference. This may be done at 'use' time too: use Env::Path qw(PATH CLASSPATH); # or qw(:all) to bless all EV's CLASSPATH->Append('/opt/foo/classes.jar'); The design is intended to make use of this module as lightweight as possible. Rather than creating a new object to manage an environment variable, the environment variable is provided a set of methods for self-modification but is otherwise left undisturbed and can be used in all normal ways. CLASS METHODS o <CONSTRUCTOR> The constructor may have any name; it's assumed to name a path variable as defined above. Returns the object reference. o PathSeparator Returns or sets the platform-specific path separator character, by default : on open platforms and ; on monopolistic ones. INSTANCE METHODS Unless otherwise indicated these methods return the object reference, allowing method calls to be strung together. All methods which take lists join them together using the value of "Env::Path->PathSeparator". o Name Returns the name of the pathvar. o Contains Returns true iff the specified entry is present in the pathvar. o Assign Takes a list and sets the pathvar to that value, separated by the current PathSeparator. o List Returns the current path in list format. o Prepend For each entry in the supplied list, removes it from the pathvar if present and prepends it, thus ensuring that it's present exactly once and at the front. o Append Analogous to Prepend. o InsertBefore Takes a <dirname> and a list, inserts the list just before the first instance of the <dirname>. If dirname is not found, works just like Prepend. As with Prepend, duplicates of the supplied entries are removed. o InsertAfter Analogous to InsertBefore o Remove Removes the specified entries from the path. o Replace Takes a /pattern/ and a list. Traverses the path and replaces all entries which match the pattern with the concatenated list entries. o ListNonexistent Returns a list of all entries which do not exist as filesystem entities. o DeleteNonexistent Removes from the path all entries which do not exist as filesystem entities. o Uniqify Removes redundant entries (the 2nd through nth instances of each entry). o Whence Takes a pattern and returns an ordered list of all filenames found along the path which match it and are executable. o Shell Returns a string suitable for passing to a shell which would set and export the pathvar to its current value within the shell context. NOTES
o No provision is made for path variables which are not also environment variables, a situation which is technically possible but quite rare. o Except where necessary no assumption is made that path entries should be directories, because pathvars like CLASSPATH may contain "virtual dirs" such as zip/jar files. For instance the DeleteNonexistent method does not remove entries which are files. In Perl terms the test applied is "-e", not "-d". o The shorthand notation for pathvar FOO is implemented by hacking @FOO::ISA, so there's a slight risk of namespace collision if your code also creates packages with all-upper-case names. No packages are created unless the shorthand notation is employed. o There's some cute code in the Env module by Gregor N. Purdy for splitting pathvars into arrays using ties. I'd love to be able to take advantage of that, and it pains me to do the same thing (and not as well) here rather than using Env. Unfortunately it's a newish feature (5.6.0? 5.005? 5.6.1?) in Env and I don't want Env::Path to be "tied" to the very latest Perls. WORKS ON
UNIX and Windows. AUTHOR
David Boyce <dsbperl AT boyski.com> COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2000-2001 David Boyce. All rights reserved. This Perl program is free software; you may redistribute and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. SEE ALSO
perl(1), perlobj(1), Env::Array(3) perl v5.10.1 2006-11-09 Path(3pm)