last(8) [osf1 man page]

last(8) 						      System Manager's Manual							   last(8)

NAME

       last - Displays information about previous logins

SYNOPSIS

       /usr/bin/last [-n maxlines | -maxlines] [-f filename] [name...] [tty...]

FLAGS

       Reads  information  about  previous  logins from filename instead of from the accounting file /var/adm/wtmp.  Limits the output to maxlines
       number of record lines.	Limits the output to maxlines number of record lines. Provides SVID conformance, and is equivalent to -maxlines.

DESCRIPTION

       The last command displays, in reverse chronological order, all previous logins and logouts entered in the  currently  active  /var/adm/wtmp
       file.  The  list  of output records can be restricted to maxlines number of record lines if the -maxlines or the -n maxlines flag is speci-
       fied.  The last command also displays logins and logouts by the user specified with the name parameter, and logins and logouts from  termi-
       nals  specified with the tty parameter. The tty terminal references can be fully named (for example, tty0) or abbreviated (for example, 0).
       For each process, the following information is displayed according to session, with the most recent  session  listed  first:  Time  session
       began Duration of session The tty terminal on which session took place

       The following information is included when applicable: Terminations when rebooting Continuing sessions

       If  the last command is interrupted, an indication of how far the search has progressed in the /var/adm/wtmp file is provided.  If the com-
       mand is interrupted by a quit signal, an indication as to how far the search has progressed is provided, but the search continues.

       To obtain information about the mean time between reboots, use the word shutdown as the name parameter.

EXAMPLES

       The following example displays all recorded logins and logouts for user root and all recorded logins and logouts from the console terminal:
       last   root   console   The   following	 example   displays   the   time   between   system   reboots:	 %   last   shutdown  shutdown	 ~
       Fri Aug 28 17:59 shutdown  ~				Mon Aug 17 09:07

       wtmp begins Mon Aug 17 08:51 In the previous example, the shutdown pseudouser is used to list the mean time between system reboots.

FILES

       Specifies the command path.  Header file defining structures used to organize login information.  The login/logout database file.

RELATED INFORMATION

       Commands: lastcomm(8)

       Files: utmp(4), wtmp(4).  delim off

																	   last(8)

UTMP(5) 						      BSD File Formats Manual							   UTMP(5)

NAME

     utmp, wtmp, lastlog -- login records

SYNOPSIS

     #include <utmp.h>

DESCRIPTION

     The file <utmp.h> declares the structures used to record information about current users in the file utmp, logins and logouts in the file
     wtmp, and last logins in the file lastlog.  The time stamps of date changes, shutdowns and reboots are also logged in the wtmp file.

     The wtmp file can grow rapidly on busy systems, and is normally rotated with newsyslog(8).

     These files must be created manually; if they do not exist, they are not created automatically.

	   #define _PATH_UTMP	   "/var/run/utmp"
	   #define _PATH_WTMP	   "/var/log/wtmp"
	   #define _PATH_LASTLOG   "/var/log/lastlog"

	   #define UT_NAMESIZE	   8
	   #define UT_LINESIZE	   8
	   #define UT_HOSTSIZE	   16

	   struct lastlog {
		   time_t  ll_time;
		   char    ll_line[UT_LINESIZE];
		   char    ll_host[UT_HOSTSIZE];
	   };

	   struct utmp {
		   char    ut_line[UT_LINESIZE];
		   char    ut_name[UT_NAMESIZE];
		   char    ut_host[UT_HOSTSIZE];
		   time_t  ut_time;
	   };

     Each time a user logs in, the login(1) program looks up the user's UID in the file lastlog.  If it is found, the timestamp of the last time
     the user logged in, the terminal line and the hostname are written to the standard output, providing the login is not set quiet; see
     login(1).	The login(1) program then records the new login time in the file lastlog.

     After the new lastlog record is written, the file utmp is opened and the utmp record for the user inserted.  This record remains there until
     the user logs out at which time it is deleted (by clearing the user and host fields, and updating the timestamp field).  The utmp file is
     used by the programs rwho(1), users(1), w(1), and who(1).

     Next, the login(1) program opens the file wtmp, and appends the user's utmp record.  When the user logs out, a utmp record with the tty line,
     an updated time stamp, and cleared user and host fields is appended to the file by init(8).  The wtmp file is used by the programs last(1)
     and ac(8).

     In the event of a date change, a shutdown or reboot, the following items are logged in the wtmp file.

     reboot
     shutdown	 A system reboot or shutdown has been initiated.  The character '~' is placed in the field ut_line, and reboot or shutdown in the
		 field ut_name (see shutdown(8) and reboot(8)).

     date	 The system time has been manually or automatically updated by date(1).  The command name date is recorded in the field ut_name.
		 In the field ut_line, the character '|' indicates the time prior to the change, and the character '{' indicates the new time.

FILES

     /var/run/utmp     The utmp file.
     /var/log/wtmp     The wtmp file.
     /var/log/lastlog  The lastlog file.

SEE ALSO

     last(1), login(1), w(1), who(1), utmpx(5), ac(8), init(8), lastlogin(8), newsyslog(8)

HISTORY

     A utmp and wtmp file format appeared in Version 6 AT&T UNIX.  The lastlog file format appeared in 3.0BSD.

BSD
								   May 14, 2003 							       BSD