DICTD(8) DICTD(8)
NAME
dictd - a dictionary database server
SYNOPSIS
dictd [options]
DESCRIPTION
dictd is a server for the Dictionary Server Protocol (DICT), a TCP transaction based query/response protocol that allows a client to access
dictionary definitions from a set of natural language dictionary databases.
For security reasons, dictd drops root permissions after startup. If user dictd exists on the system, the daemon will run as that user,
group dictd, otherwise it will run as user nobody, group nobody or nogroup (depending on the operating system distribution).
Since startup time is significant, the server is designed to run continuously, and should not be run from inetd(8). (However, with a fast
processor, it is feasible to do so.)
Databases are distributed separately from the server.
By default, dictd assumes that the index files are sorted alphabetically, and only alphanumeric characters from the 7-bit ASCII character
set are used for search. This default may be overridden by a header in the data file. The only such features implemented at this time are
the headers "00-database-allchars" which tells dictd that non-alphanumeric characters may also be used for search, the header "00-database-
utf8" which indicates that the database uses utf8 encoding, and the "00-database-8bit-new" which indicates that the database is encoded and
sorted according to a locale that uses an 8-bit encoding.
BACKGROUND
For many years, the Internet community has relied on the "webster" protocol for access to natural language definitions. The webster proto-
col supports access to a single dictionary and (optionally) to a single thesaurus. In recent years, the number of publicly available web-
ster servers on the Internet has dramatically decreased.
Fortunately, several freely-distributable dictionaries and lexicons have recently become available on the Internet. However, these freely-
distributable databases are not accessible via a uniform interface, and are not accessible from a single site. They are often small and
incomplete individually, but would collectively provide an interesting and useful database of English words. Examples include the Jargon
file, the WordNet database, MICRA's version of the 1913 Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, and the Free Online Dictionary of Comput-
ing. (See the DICT protocol specification (RFC) for references.) Translating and non-English dictionaries are also becoming available
(for example, the FOLDOC dictionary is being translated into Spanish).
The webster protocol is not suitable for providing access to a large number of separate dictionary databases, and extensions to the current
webster protocol were not felt to be a clean solution to the dictionary database problem.
The DICT protocol is designed to provide access to multiple databases. Word definitions can be requested, the word index can be searched
(using an easily extended set of algorithms), information about the server can be provided (e.g., which index search strategies are sup-
ported, or which databases are available), and information about a database can be provided (e.g., copyright, citation, or distribution
information). Further, the DICT protocol has hooks that can be used to restrict access to some or all of the databases.
dictd(8) is a server that implements the DICT protocol. Bret Martin implemented another server, and several people (including Bret and
myself) have implemented clients in a variety of languages.
OPTIONS
-V or --version
Display version information.
--license
Display copyright and license information.
-h or --help
Display help information.
-v or --verbose or -dverbose
Be verbose.
-c file or --config file
Specify configuration file. The default is /etc/dictd/dictd.conf , but may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time
(DICTD_CONFIG_FILE).
-p port or --port port
Overrides the keyword port in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
-i or --inetd
Communicate on standard input/output, suitable for use from inetd. Although, due to its rather large startup time, this daemon was
not intended to run from inetd, with a fast processor it is feasible to do so. This option also implies --fast-start.
--pp prog
Sets a preprocessor for configuration file. like m4 or cpp . See examples/dictd_complex.conf file from distribution. By default
configuration file is parsed without preprocessor.
--depth length
Overrides the keyword depth in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
--delay seconds
Overrides the keyword delay in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
--facility facility
The same as syslog_facility keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
-f or --force
Force the daemon to start even if an instance of the daemon is already running. (This is of little value unless a non-default port
is specified with -p, since, if one instance is bound to a port, the second one fails when it can not bind to the port.)
--limit children
Overrides the keyword limit in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
--listen-to address
Overrides the keyword listen_to in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
--locale locale
Overrides the keyword locale in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
-s The same as syslog keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
-L file or --logfile file
The same as log_file keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
--pid-file file
The same as pid_file keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
-m minutes or --mark minutes
Overrides the keyword timestamp in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
--default-strategy strategy
Overrides the keyword default_strategy in Global Settings Specification section of configuration file.
--without-strategy strat1,strat2,...
The same as without_strategy keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
--add-strategy strategy_name:description
The same as add_strategy keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
--fast-start
The same as fast_start keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
--without-mmap
The same as without_mmap keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
--stdin2stdout
When applied with --inetd, each command obtained from stdin is output to stdout. This option is useful for debugging.
-l option or --log option
The same as log_option keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
-d option
The same as debug_option keyword in Global Settings Specification of configuration files.
CONFIGURATION FILE
Introduction
The configuration file defaults to /etc/dictd/dictd.conf but can be specified on the command line with the -c option (see above).
The configuration file is read into memory at startup, and is not referenced again by dictd unless a signal 1 (SIGHUP) is received,
which will cause dictd to reread the configuration file.
The file is divided into sections. The Access Section should come first, followed by the Database Section, and the User Section.
The Database Section is required; the others are optional, but they must be in the order listed here.
Syntax The following keywords are valid in a configuration file: access, allow, deny, group, database, data, index, filter, prefilter,
postfilter, name, include, user, authonly, site. Keywords are case sensitive. String arguments that contain spaces should be sur-
rounded by double quotes. Without quoting, strings may contain alphanumeric characters and _, -, ., and *, but not spaces. Strings
can be continued between lines. ", \,
, <NL> are treated as double quote, backslash, new line and no symbol respectively.
Comments start with # and extend to the end of the line.
Global Settings Section
global { global settings specification }
Used to set global dictd setting such as log file, syslog facility, locale and so on.
EXAMPLE:
See examples/dictd4.conf file from the distribution.
Access Section
access { access specification }
This section contains access restrictions for the server and all of the databases collectively. Per-database control is
specified in the Database Section.
EXAMPLE:
See examples/dictd3.conf file from the distribution.
Database Section
database string { database specification }
The string specifies the name of the database (e.g., wn or web1913). (This is an arbitrary name selected by the administra-
tor, and is not necessarily related to the file name or any name listed in the data file. A short, easy to type name is
often selected for easy use with dict -d.)
EXAMPLE: See examples/dictd*.conf files from the distribution.
NOTE: If the files specified in the database specification do not exist on the system, dictd may silently fail.
database_virtual string { virtual database specification }
This section specifies the virtual database. The string specifies the name of the database (e.g., en-ru or fren).
EXAMPLE: See examples/dictd_virtual.conf or examples/dictd_complex.conf files from the distribution.
database_plugin string { plugin specification }
This section specifies the plugin. The string specifies the name of the database.
EXAMPLE: See examples/dictd_plugin_dbi.conf or examples/dictd_complex.conf files from the distribution.
database_mime string { mime specification }
Traditionally, databases created for dictd contained plain text only because dictd releases before 1.10.0 didn't have full
support of OPTION MIME option (consult with RFC-2229). This section describes the special database which behaves differently
depending on whether OPTION MIME command was received from client or was not, i.e. the database created by this section
allows one to return to the client either a plain text or specially formatted content depending on whether DICT client sup-
ports (or wants to receive) MIMEized content or doesn't. The string specifies the name of the database.
NOTE: All this is about DEFINE command only. MATCH, SHOW DB, SHOW STRAT, SHOW INFO, SHOW SERVER and HELP commands return
texts prepended with empty line only.
EXAMPLE: See examples/dictd_mime.conf file from the distribution.
database_exit
Excludes following databases from the '*' database. By default '*' means all databases available. Look at 'exam-
ples/dictd_virtual.conf' file for example configuration.
NOTE: If you use 'virtual' dictionaries, you should use this directive, otherwise you will search the same dictionary twice.
User Section
user string string
The first string specifies the username, and the second string specifies the shared secret for this username. When
the AUTH command is used, the client will provide the username and a hashed version of the shared secret. If the
shared secret matches, the user is said to have authenticated, and will have access to databases whose access specifi-
cations allow that user (by name, or by wildcard). If present, this section must appear last in the configuration
file. There may be many user entries. The shared secret should be kept secret, as anyone who has access to it can
access the shared databases (assuming access is not denied by domain name).
Access Specification
Access specifications may occur in the Access Section or in the Database Section. The access specification will be described
here.
For allow, deny, and authonly, a star (*) may be used as a wild card that matches any number of characters. A question mark
(?) may be used as a wildcard that matches a single character. For example, 10.0.0.* and *.edu are valid strings.
Further, a range of IP addresses and an IP address followed by a netmask may be specified. For example, 10.0.0.0:10.0.0.255,
10.0.0.0/24, and 10.0.0.* all specify the same range of IP numbers. Notation cannot be combined on the same line. If the
notation does not make sense, access will be denied by default. Use the --debug auth option to debug related problems.
Note that these specifications take only one string per specification line. However, you can have multiple lines of each
type.
The syntax is as follows:
allow string
The string specifies a domain name or IP address which is allowed access to the server (in the Access Section) or to a
database (in the Database Section). Note that more than one string is not permitted for a single "allow" line, but
more than one "allow" lines are permitted in the configuration file.
deny string
The string specifies a domain name or IP address which is denied access to the server (in the Access Section) or to a
database (in the Database Section). Note that if reverse DNS is not working, then only the IP number will be checked.
Therefore, it is essential to deny networks based on IP number, since a denial based on domain name may not always be
checked.
authonly string
This form is only useful in the Access Section. The string specifies a domain name or IP address which is allowed
access to the server but not to any of the databases. All commands are valid except DEFINE, MATCH, and SHOW DB. More
specifically AUTH is a valid command, and commands which access the databases are not allowed.
user string
This form is only useful in the Database Section. The string specifies a username that is allowed to access this
database after a successful AUTH command is executed.
Global Settings Specification
This section describes the following parameters:
port string_or_number
Specifies the port or service name (e.g., 2628). The default is 2628, as specified in the DICT Protocol RFC, but may be
changed in the defs.h file at compile time (DICT_DEFAULT_SERVICE).
site string
Used to specify the filename for the site information file, a flat text file which will be displayed in response to the SHOW
SERVER command.
EXAMPLE: See examples/dictd4.conf file from the distribution.
site_no_banner boolean
By default SHOW SERVER command outputs information about dictd version and an operating system type. This option disables
this.
site_no_uptime boolean
By default SHOW SERVER command outputs information about uptime of dictd , a number of forks since startup and forks per
hour. This option disables this.
site_no_dblist boolean
By default SHOW SERVER command outputs internal information about databases, such as a number of headwords, index size and so
on. This option disables this.
delay number
Specifies the number of seconds a client may be idle before the server will close the connection. Idle time is defined to be
the time the server is waiting for input and does not include the time the server spends searching the database. The default
is 0 seconds (no limit), but may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time (DICT_DEFAULT_DELAY).
NOTE: Setting delay option disables limit_time option. Only one of them (last specified in dictd.conf ) is in effect.
NOTE: Connections are closed without warning since no provision for premature connection termination is specified in the DICT
protocol RFC.
depth number
Specify the queue length for listen(2). Specifies the number of pending socket connections which are queued by the operating
system. Some operating systems may silently limit this value to 5 (older BSD systems) or 128 (Linux). The default is 10 but
may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time (DICT_QUEUE_DEPTH).
limit_childs number
Specifies the number of daemons that may be running simultaneously. Each daemon services a single connection. If the limit
is exceeded, a (serialized) connection will be made by the server process, and a response code 420 (server temporarily
unavailable) will be sent to the client. This parameter should be adjusted to prevent the server machine from being over-
loaded by dict clients, but should not be set so low that many clients are denied useful connections. The default is 100, but
may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time (DICT_DAEMON_LIMIT_CHILDS).
limit number
Synonym for limit_childs. For backward compatibility only.
limit_matches number
Specifies the maximum number of matches that can be returned by MATCH query. Zero means no limit. The default is 2000.
limit_definitions number
Specifies the maximum number of definitions that can be returned by DEFINE query. Zero means no limit. The default is 200.
limit_time number
Specifies the number of seconds a client may talk to the server before the server will close the connection. The default is
600 seconds (10 minutes), but may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time (DICT_DEFAULT_LIMIT_TIME).
NOTE: Setting limit_time option disables delay option. Only one of them (last specified in dictd.conf ) is in effect.
NOTE: Connections are closed without warning since no provision for premature connection termination is specified in the DICT
protocol RFC.
limit_queries number
Specifies the number of queries (MATCH, DEFINE, SHOW DB etc.) that client may send to the server before the server will
close the connection. Zero means no limit. The default is 2000, but may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time
(DICT_DEFAULT_LIMIT_QUERIES).
timestamp number
How often a timestamp should be logged (int minutes). (This is effective only if logging has been enabled with the -s or -L
option, or with a debugging option.)
log_option option
Specify a logging option. This is effective only if logging has been enabled with the -s or -L option or in configuration
file, or logging to the console has been activated with a debugging option (e.g., --debug nodetach. Only one option may be
set with each invocation of this option; however, multiple invocations of this option may be made in configuration file or
dictd command line. For instance:
dictd -s --log stats --log found --log notfound
is a valid command line, and sets three logging options.
Some of the more verbose logging options are used primarily for debugging the server code, and are not practical for normal
use.
server Log server diagnostics. This is extremely verbose.
connect
Log all connections.
stats Log all children terminations.
command
Log all commands. This is extremely verbose.
client Log results of CLIENT command.
found Log all words found in the databases.
notfound
Log all words not found in the databases.
timestamp
When logging to a file, use a full timestamp like that which syslog would produce. Otherwise, no timestamp is made,
making the files shorter.
host Log name of foreign host.
auth Log authentication failures.
min Set a minimal number of options. If logging is activated (to a file, or via syslog), and no options are set, then the
minimal set of options will be used. If options are set, then only those options specified will be used.
all Set all of the options.
none Clear all of the options.
To facilitate location of interesting information in the log file, entries are marked with initial letters indicating the
class of the line being logged:
I Information about the server, connections, or termination statistics. These lines are generally not designed to be
parsed automatically.
E Error messages.
C CLIENT command information.
D Definitions found in the databases searched.
M Matches found in the database searched.
N Matches which were not found in the databases searched.
T Trace of exact line sent by client.
A Authentication information.
To preserve anonymity of the client, do not use the connect or host options. Clients may or may not send host information
using the CLIENT command, but this should be an option that is selectable on the client side.
debug_option string
Activate a debugging option. There are several, all of which are only useful to developers. They are documented here for
completeness. A list can be obtained interactively by using -d with an illegal option.
verbose
The same as -v or --verbose. Adds verbosity to other options.
scan Debug the scanner for the configuration file.
parse Debug the parser for the configuration file.
search Debug the character folding and binary search routines.
init Report database initialization.
port Log client-side port number to the log file.
lev Debug Levenshtein search algorithm.
auth Debug the authorization routines.
nodetach
Do not detach as a background process. Implies that a copy of the log file will appear on the standard output.
nofork Do not fork daemons to service requests. Be a single-threaded server. This option implies nodetach, and is most use-
ful for using a debugger to find the point at which daemon processes are dumping core.
alt Debugs altcompare in index.c.
locale string
Specifies the locale used for searching. If no locale is specified, the "C" locale is used. The locale used for the server
should be the same as that used for dictfmt when the database was built (specifically, the locale under which the index was
sorted). The locale should be specified for both 8-bit and UTF-8 formats. If locale contains utf8 or utf-8 substring, UTF-8
format is expected. Note that if your database is not in ASCII7 or UTF-8 format, then the dictd server will not be compliant
to RFC 2229.
NOTE If utf-8 or 8-bit dictionaries are included in the configuration file, and the appropriate --locale has not been speci-
fied, dictd will fail to start. This implies that dictd will not run with both utf-8 and 8-bit dictionaries in the configu-
ration file.
add_strategy strategy_name description
Adds strategy strategy_name with the description description. This new search strategy may be implemented with a help of
plugins. Both strategy_name and description are strings.
default_strategy string
Set the server's default search strategy for MATCH search type. The compiled-in default is 'lev'. It is also possible to
set default strategy per database. See default_strategy keyword in Database specification section.
disable_strategy string
Disable specified strategies. By default all implemented search strategies are enabled. It is also possible to disable
strategies per database. See disable_strategy keyword in Database specification section.
listen_to string
Binds socket to the specified address. If you want to allow connections to dict server from localhost only, apply
listen_to 127.0.0.1
syslog string
Log using the syslog(3) facility.
syslog_facility string
Specifies the syslog facility to use. The use of this option implies the -s option to turn on logging via syslog. When the
operating system libraries support SYSLOG_NAMES, the names used for this option should be those listed in syslog.conf(5).
Otherwise, the following names are used (assuming the particular facility is defined in the header files): auth, authpriv,
cron, daemon, ftp, kern, lpr, mail, news, syslog, user, uucp, local0, local1, local2, local3, local4, local5, local6, and
local7.
log_file string
Specify the file for logging. The filename specified is recomputed on each use using the strftime(3) call. For example, a
filename ending in ".%Y%m%d" will write to log files ending in the year, month, and date that the log entry was written.
NOTE: If dictd does not have write permission for this file, it will silently fail.
pid_file string
The specified filename will be created to contain the process id of the main dictd process. The default is /var/run/dictd.pid
fast_start
By default, dictd creates (in memory) additional index to make the search faster. This option disables this behaviour and
makes startup faster.
without_mmap
do not use the mmap(2) function and read entire files into memory instead. Use this option, if you know exactly what you are
doing.
Database Specification
The database specification describes the database:
data string
Specifies the filename for the flat text database. If the filename does not begin with '.' or '/', it is prepended with
$datadir/. It is a compile time option. You can change this behaviour by editing Makefile or running ./configure
--datadir=...
index string
Specifies the filename for the index file. Path matter is similar to that described above in "data" option .
index_suffix string
This is optional index file to make 'suffix' search strategy faster (binary search). It is generated by 'dictfmt_index2suf-
fix'. Run "dictfmt_index2suffix --help" for more information. Path matter is similar to that described above in "data"
option .
index_word string
This is optional index file to make 'word' search strategy faster (binary search). It is generated by 'dictfmt_index2word'.
Run "dictfmt_index2word --help" for more information. Path matter is similar to that described above in "data" option .
prefilter string
Specifies the prefilter command. When a chunk of the compressed database is read, it will be filtered with this filter
before being decompressed. This may be used to provide some additional compression that knows about the data and can pro-
vide better compression than the LZ77 algorithm used by zlib.
postfilter string
Specifies the postfilter command. When a chunk of the compressed database is read, it will be filtered with this filter
before the offset and length for the entry are used to access data. This is provided for symmetry with the prefilter com-
mand, and may also be useful for providing additional database compression.
filter string
Specifies the filter command. After the entry is extracted from the database, it will be filtered with this filter. This
may be used to provide formatting for the entry (e.g., for html).
name string
Specifies the short name of the database (e.g., "1913 Webster's"). If the string begins with @, then it specifies the head-
word to look up in the dictionary to find the short name of the database. The default is "@00-database-short", but this may
be changed in the defs.h file at compile time (DICT_SHORT_ENTRY_NAME).
info string
Specifies the information about database. If the string begins with @, then it specifies the headword to look up in the dic-
tionary to find information. The default is "@00-database-info", but this may be changed in the defs.h file at compile time
(DICT_INFO_ENTRY_NAME).
invisible
Makes dictionary invisible to the clients i.e. this dictionary will not be recognized or shown by DEFINE, MATCH, SHOW INFO,
SHOW SERVER and SHOW DB commands. If some definitions or matches are found in invisible dictionary, the name of the upper
visible virtual dictionary is returned. Dictionaries '*' and '!' don't include invisible ones. NOTE: Invisible dictionaries
are completely inaccessible (and invisible) to the client unless they are included to the virtual or MIME dictionary (See
database_virtual or database_mime database sections).
disable_strategy string
Disables the specified strategy for database. This may be useful for slow dictionaries (plugins) or for dictionaries
included to virtual ones. For an example see file examples/dictd_complex.conf.
default_strategy string
Specifies the strategy which will be used if the database is accessed using the strategy '.'. I.e. this directive is the way
to set the preferred search strategy per database. For example, instead of strategy lev , the strategy word may be preferred
for databases mainly containing the multiword phrases but the single words.
Virtual Database Specification
The virtual database specification describes the virtual database:
database_list string
Specifies a list of databases which are included into the virtual database. Database names are in the string and are sepa-
rated by comma.
name string
Specifies the short name of the database. See database specification
info string
Specifies the information about database. See database specification
invisible
Makes dictionary invisible to the clients. See database specification
disable_strategy string
Disables the specified strategy for database. See database specification
Plugin Specification
plugin string
Specifies a filename of the plugin.
data string
Specifies data for initializing plugin.
name string
Specifies the short name of the database. See Database Specification for more information.
info string
Specifies the information about database. See Database Specification for more information.
invisible
Makes dictionary invisible to the clients. See Database Specification for more information.
disable_strategy string
Disables the specified strategy for database. See Database Specification for more information.
default_strategy string
Sets the default search strategy for database. See Database Specification for more information.
Mime Specification
dbname_nomime string
Specifies the real database name which is used in case OPTION MIME command was NOT received from a client.
dbname_mime string
Specifies the real database name which is used in case OPTION MIME command WAS received from a client. A necessary MIME
header is set while creating a database. See dictfmt(1) for option --mime-header.
name string
Specifies the short name of the database. See Database Specification for more information.
info string
Specifies the information about database. See Database Specification for more information.
invisible
Makes dictionary invisible to the clients. See Database Specification for more information.
disable_strategy string
Disables the specified strategy for database. See Database Specification for more information.
default_strategy string
Sets the default search strategy for database. See Database Specification for more information.
include string
The text of the file "string" (usually a database specification) will be read as if it appeared at this location in the configura-
tion file. Nested includes are not permitted.
DETERMINATION OF ACCESS LEVEL
When a client connects, the global access specification is scanned, in order, until a specification matches. If no access specification
exists, all access is allowed (e.g., the action is the same as if "allow *" was the only item in the specification). For each item, both
the hostname and IP are checked. For example, consider the following access specification:
allow 10.42.*
authonly *.edu
deny *
With this specification, all clients in the 10.42 network will be allowed access to unrestricted databases; all clients from *.edu sites
will be allowed to authenticate, but will be denied access to all databases, even those which are otherwise unrestricted; and all other
clients will have their connection terminated immediately. The 10.42 network clients can send an AUTH command and gain access to
restricted databases. The *.edu clients must send an AUTH command to gain access to any databases, restricted or unrestricted.
When the AUTH command is sent, the access list for each database is scanned, in order, just as the global access list is scanned. However,
after authentication, the client has an associated username. For example, consider the following access specification:
user u1
deny *.com
user u2
allow *
If the client authenticated as u1, then the client will have access to this database, even if the client comes from a *.com site. In con-
trast, if the client authenticated as u2, the client will only have access if it does not come from a *.com site. In this case, the "user
u2" is redundant, since that client would also match "allow *".
Warning: Checks are performed for domain names and for IP addresses. However, if reverse DNS for a specific site is not working, it is
possible that a domain name may not be available for checking. Make sure that all denials use IP addresses. (And consider a future
enhancement: if a domain name is not available, should denials that depend on a domain name match anything? This is the more conservative
viewpoint, but it is not currently implemented.)
SEARCH ALGORITHMS
The DICT standard specifies a few search algorithms that must be implemented, and permits others to be supported on a server-dependent
basis. The following search strategies are supported by this server. Note that all strategies are case insensitive. Most ignore non-
alphanumeric, non-whitespace characters.
exact An exact match. This algorithm uses a binary search and is one of the fastest search algorithms available.
lev The Levenshtein algorithm (string edit distance of one). This algorithm searches for all words which are within an edit distance of
one from the target word. An "edit" means an insertion, deletion, or transposition. This is a rapid algorithm for correcting
spelling errors, since many spelling errors are within a Levenshtein distance of one from the original word.
prefix Prefix match. This algorithm also uses a binary search and is very fast.
nprefix
Like prefix but returns the specified range of matches. For example, when prefix strategy returns 1000 matches, you can get only 100
ones skipping the first 800 matches. This is made by specified these limits in a query like this: 800#100#app, where 800 is skip
count, 100 is a number of matches you want to get and "app" is your query. This strategy allows one to implement DICT client with
fast autocompletion (although it is not trivial) just like many standalone dictionary programs do.
NOTE: If you access the dictionary "*" (or virtual one) with nprefix strategy, the same range is set for each database in it, but
globally for all matches found in all databases.
NOTE: In case you access non-english dictionary the returned matches may be (and mostly will be) NOT ordered in alphabetic order.
re POSIX 1003.2 (modern) regular expression search. Modern regular expressions are the ones used by egrep(1). These regular expres-
sions allow predefined character classes (e.g., [[:alnum:]], [[:alpha:]], [[:digit:]], and [[:xdigit:]] are useful for this applica-
tion); uses * to match a sequence 0 or more matches of the previous atom; uses + to match a sequence of 1 or more matches of the
previous atom; uses ? to match a sequence of 0 or 1 matches of the previous atom; used ^ to match the beginning of a word, uses $ to
match the end of a word, and allows nested subexpression and alternation with () and |. For example, "(foo|bar)" matches all words
that contain either "foo" or "bar". To match these special characters, they must be quoted with two backslashes (due to the quoting
characteristics of the server). Warning: Regular expression matches can take 10 to 300 times longer than substring matches. On a
busy server, with many databases, this can required more than 5 minutes of waiting time, depending on the complexity of the regular
expression.
regexp Old (basic) regular expressions. These regular expressions don't support |, +, or ?. Groups use escaped parentheses. While modern
regular expressions are generally easier to use, basic regular expressions have a back reference feature. This can be used to match
a second occurrence of something that was already matched. For example, the following expression finds all words that begin and end
with the same three letters:
^\(...\).*\1$
Note the use of the double backslashes to escape the special characters. This is required by the DICT protocol string specification
(a single backslash quotes the next character -- we use two to get a single backslash through to the regular expression engine).
Warning: Note that the use of backtracking is even slower than the use of general regular expressions.
soundex
The Soundex algorithm, a classic algorithm for finding words that sound similar to each other. The algorithm encodes each word
using the first letter of the word and up to three digits. Since the first letter is known, this search is relatively fast, and it
sometimes good for correcting spelling errors when the Levenshtein algorithm doesn't help.
substring
Match a substring anywhere in the headword. This search strategy uses a modified Boyer-Moore-Horspool algorithm. Since it must
search the whole index file, it is not as fast as the exact and prefix matches.
suffix Suffix match. This search strategy also uses a modified Boyer-Moore-Horspool algorithm, and is as fast as the substring search. If
the optional index_suffix string file is listed in the configuration file this search is much faster.
word Match any single word, even if part of a multi-word entry. If the optional index_word string file is listed in the configuration
file this search strategy works much faster.
first Match the first word that begins a multi-word entry.
last Match the last word that ends a multi-word entry. If the optional index_suffix string file is listed in the configuration file this
search strategy works much faster.
DATABASE FORMAT
Databases for dictd are distributed separately. A database consists of two files. One is a flat text file, the other is the index.
The flat text file contains dictionary entries (or any other suitable data), and the index contains tab-delimited tuples consisting of the
headword, the byte offset at which this entry begins in the flat text file, and the length of the entry in bytes. The offset and length
are encoded using base 64 encoding using the 64-character subset of International Alphabet IA5 discussed in RFC 1421 (printable encoding)
and RFC 1522 (base64 MIME). Encoding the offsets in base 64 saves considerable space when compared with the usual base 10 encoding, while
still permitting tab characters (ASCII 9) to be used for delimiting fields in a record. Each record ends with a newline (ASCII 10), so the
index file is human readable.
Some headwords are used by dictd especially
00-database-info Contains the information about database which is returned by SHOW INFO command, unless it is specified in the configura-
tion file.
00-database-short Contains the short name of the database which is returned by SHOW DB command, unless it is specified in the configuration
file. See dictfmt -s.
00-database-url URL where original dictionary sources were obtained from. See dictfmt -u. This headword is not used by dictd
00-database-utf8 Presents if dictionary is encoded using UTF-8. See dictfmt --utf8
00-database-8bit-new Presents if dictionary is encoded using 8-BIT character set (not ASCII and not UTF8). See dictfmt --locale.
The flat text file may be compressed using gzip(1) (not recommended) or dictzip(1) (highly recommended). Optimal speed will be obtained
using an uncompressed file. However, the gzip compression algorithm works very well on plain text, and can result in space savings typi-
cally between 60 and 80%. Using a file compressed with gzip(1) is not recommended, however, because random access on the file can only be
accomplished by serially decompressing the whole file, a process which is prohibitively slow. dictzip(1) uses the same compression algo-
rithm and file format as does gzip(1), but provides a table that can be used to randomly access compressed blocks in the file. The use of
50-64kB blocks for compression typically degrades compression by less than 10%, while maintaining acceptable random access capabilities for
all data in the file. As an added benefit, files compressed with dictzip(1) can be decompressed with gzip(1) or zcat(1). (Note: recom-
pressing a dictzip'd file using, for example, znew(1) will destroy the random access characteristics of the file. Always compress data
files using dictzip(1).)
SIGNALS
SIGHUP causes dictd to reread configuration file and reinitialize databases.
SIGUSR1 causes dictd to unload databases. Then dictd returns 420 status (instead of 220). To load databases again, send SIGHUP signal.
Because database files are mmap'ed(2) , it is impossible to update them while dictd is running. So, if you need to update database files
and reread configuration file, first, send SIGUSR1 signal to dictd to unload databases, update files, and then send SUGHUP signal to load
them again.
COPYING
The main source files for the dictd server and the dictzip compression program were written by Rik Faith (faith@dict.org) and are distrib-
uted under the terms of the GNU General Public License. If you need to distribute under other terms, write to the author.
The main libraries used by these programs (zlib, regex, libmaa) are distributed under different terms, so you may be able to use the
libraries for applications which are incompatible with the GPL -- please see the copyright notices and license information that come with
the libraries for more information, and consult with your attorney to resolve these issues.
BUGS
The regular expression searches do not ignore non-whitespace, non-alphanumeric characters as do the other searches. In practice, this
isn't much of a problem.
WARNINGS
Conformance of regular expressions (used by 're' and 'regexp' search strategies) to ERE and BRE depends on library you build dictd with.
Whether 're' and 'regex' strategies support utf8 depends on library you build dictd with.
FILES
/etc/dictd/dictd.conf
dictd configuration file
/usr/sbin/dictd
dictd daemon itself
/var/run/dictd.pid
File for storing pid of dictd daemon
/usr/share/dictd
The default directory for dictd databases (.index and .dict[.dz] files)
SEE ALSO
examples/dictd*.conf, dictfmt(1), dict(1), dictzip(1), gunzip(1), zcat(1), webster(1), RFC 2229
29 March 2002 DICTD(8)