fcinfo(1M) System Administration Commands fcinfo(1M)
NAME
fcinfo, fcadm - Fibre Channel HBA Port Command Line Interface
SYNOPSIS
fcinfo hba-port [-lit] [HBA_port_WWN]...
fcadm hba-port [-lit] [HBA_port_WWN]...
fcinfo remote-port [-ls] [-p HBA_port_WWN]
[REMOTE_port_WWN]...
fcadm remote-port [-ls] [-p HBA_port_WWN]
[REMOTE_port_WWN]...
fcinfo logical-unit | lu [-v] [OS device_path]
fcadm logical-unit | lu [-v] [OS device_path]
fcadm create-npiv-port -p Virtal_Port_WWN [-n Virtual_Node_WWN]
PhysicalPort_port_WWN
fcadm delete-npiv-port -p Virtal_Port_WWN [-n Virtual_Node_WWN]
PhysicalPort_port_WWN
fcinfo [-V]
fcadm [-V]
fcinfo [-?]
fcadm [-?]
DESCRIPTION
fcinfo and fcadm are command line interfaces that collect administrative information on fibre channel host bus adapter (HBA) ports on a
host. They also collect data on any fibre channel targets that might be connected to those ports in a Storage Area Network (SAN).
A port can be either in initiator mode or target mode. The same FC attribute information and remote port information are applied to both
the initiator and the target modes port except that SCSI-related operations described below do not apply for the target mode port.
SUBCOMMANDS
The following subcommands are supported by both fcinfo and fcadm:
hba-port Lists information for the HBA port referenced by the specified HBA_port_WWN. If HBA_port_WWN is not specified, all
initiator mode and target mode fibre channel HBA ports on the host will be listed.
remote-port Lists the remote-port information for those remote ports that are specified. If no REMOTE_port_WWN is specified, all
remote ports that are visible through HBA_port_WWN are listed.
logical-unit | lu Lists the logical unit referenced by the specified device_path. If device_path is not specified, all fibre channel
logical units will be listed. This subcommand applies only to the initiator mode.
The following subcommands, which administer N_Port ID Virtualization (NPIV) HBA ports, are supported only by fcadm:
create-npiv-port
Create an NPIV virtual port on the specified adapter.
delete-npiv-port
Delete an NPIV virtual port. This delete only ports create by fcadm.
OPTIONS
The following options are supported:
-l, --linkstat
Lists the link error statistics information for the port referenced by the specified HBA_port_WWN or REMOTE_port_WWN.
-i [HBA_node_WWN], -initiator [HBA_node_WWN]
Lists the information for the port with the initiator mode referenced by the specified HBA_node_WWN or all initiator mode ports discov-
ered in the host.
-n HBA_node_WWN, --node HBA_node_WWN
When used with NPIV options, specify a virtual node WWN. If used with create-npiv-port, it can be omitted, and a random based WWN will
be used. It is mandatory for delete-npiv-port.
-p HBA_port_WWN, --port HBA_port_WWN
Retrieve remote port information from the HBA_port_WWN of the local HBA port on the host. When used with the remote-port subcommand,
the -p option is mandatory.
When used with NPIV options, specify a virtual port WWN. If used with create-npiv-port, it can be omitted, and a random based WWN will
be used. It is mandatory for delete-npiv-port.
-s, --scsi-target
Lists the SCSI target information for all remote ports the user has asked for. The -p, --port option must always be specified and must
be a valid HBA port on the host. This HBA port will be used as the initiator for which to retrieve the SCSI level target information.
Note that this will only function on remote port fibre channel World-Wide Names that support an FC4 type of SCSI. This option applies
only to an initiator mode port.
-t [HBA_node_WWN], -target [HBA_node_WWN]
Lists the information for the port with the target mode referenced by the specified HBA_node_WWN or all target mode ports discovered in
the host.
-v, --verbose
When used with the logical-unit subcommand, the -v displays additional information for the logical unit, including SCSI vendor and
product information and device type as well as the FC World-Wide names for the local and remote fibre channel ports to which this
device is attached.
-V, --version
Displays the version information.
-?, --help
Displays the usage information.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 Listing All HBA Ports
The following command lists all initiator mode fibre channel HBA ports on the host:
# fcinfo hba-port
HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b074cb5
Port Mode: Initiator
OS Device Name: /dev/cfg/c1
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: 375-3108-xx
Firmware Version: 3.3.116
FCode/BIOS Version: 1.13.08
Serial Number: not available
Driver Name: qlc
Driver Version: 20070212-2.19
Type: N-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: 1Gb 2Gb
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200000e08b074cb5
NPIV Port List:
Virtual Port 1:
Port WWN: 200000e08b074cb1
Node WWN: 200000e08b074cb3
HBA Port WWN: 210100e08b274cb5
Port Mode: Initiator
OS Device Name: /dev/cfg/c2
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: 375-3108-xx
Firmware Version: 3.3.116
FCode/BIOS Version: 1.13.08
Serial Number: not available
Driver Name: qlc
Driver Version: 20070212-2.19
Type: N-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: 1Gb 2Gb
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200100e08b274cb5
HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b072ab5
Port Mode: Initiator
OS Device Name: /dev/cfg/c3
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Firmware Version: 3.3.116
FCode/BIOS Version: 1.13.08
Model: 375-3108-xx
Serial Number: not available
Driver Name: qlc
Driver Version: 20070212-2.19
Type: L-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: 1Gb 2Gb
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200000e08b072ab5
HBA Port WWN: 210100e08b272ab5
Port Mode: Initiator
OS Device Name: /dev/cfg/c4
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: 375-3108-xx
Firmware Version: 3.3.116
FCode/BIOS Version: 1.13.08
Serial Number: 0402F00-0549112808
Driver Name: qlc
Driver Version: 20070212-2.19
Type: N-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: 1Gb 2Gb
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200100e08b272ab5
Example 2 Listing Target Mode HBA Ports
The following command lists all target mode fibre channel HBA ports on the host:
# fcinfo hba-port -t
HBA Port WWN: 210100e08bb09221
Port Mode: Target
Port ID: 10700
OS Device Name: Not Applicable
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: d30ac7e0
Firmware Version: 4.0.109
FCode/BIOS Version: N/A
Type: F-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: not established
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200100e08bb09221
HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b909221
Port Mode: Target
Port ID: 10900
OS Device Name: Not Applicable
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: d37ad1e0
Firmware Version: 4.0.109
FCode/BIOS Version: N/A
Type: F-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: not established
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200000e08b909221
Example 3 Listing HBA Ports and Link Statistics
The following command lists information for the HBA ports and the link statistics for those ports:
# fcinfo hba-port -l 210000e08b074cb5 210100e08b274cb5
HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b074cb5
Port Mode: Initiator
OS Device Name: /dev/cfg/c1
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: 375-3108-xx
Firmware Version: 3.3.116
FCode/BIOS Version: 1.13.08
Serial Number: 0402F00-0549112808
Driver Name: qlc
Driver Version: 20070212-2.19
Type: N-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: 1Gb 2Gb
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200000e08b074cb5
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
HBA Port WWN: 210100e08b274cb5
Port Mode: Initiator
OS Device Name: /dev/cfg/c2
Manufacturer: QLogic Corp.
Model: 375-3108-xx
Firmware Version: 3.3.116
FCode/BIOS Version: 1.13.08
Serial Number: 0402F00-0549112808
Driver Name: qlc
Driver Version: 20070212-2.19
Type: N-port
State: online
Supported Speeds: 1Gb 2Gb
Current Speed: 2Gb
Node WWN: 200100e08b274cb5
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Example 4 Listing All Remote Ports
The following command lists all remote ports that are visible through the given HBA port:
# fcinfo remote-port -p 210100e08b274cb5
Remote Port WWN: 50020f230000b4af
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 50020f200000b4af
Remote Port WWN: 210000e08b07daa6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200000e08b07daa6
Remote Port WWN: 20030003ba27c788
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 10000003ba27c788
Remote Port WWN: 210000e08b096a60
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200000e08b096a60
Example 5 Listing Remote Ports and Link Statistics
The following command lists information for the remote ports and the link statistics for those ports:
# fcinfo remote-port -l -p 210100e08b272ab5
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b296a60
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b296a60
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 20030003ba27d56d
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 10000003ba27d56d
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 4765165
Loss of Signal Count: 4765165
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b27f7a6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b27f7a6
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 50020f230000b897
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 50020f200000b897
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 7
Loss of Signal Count: 7
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b27daa6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b27daa6
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 210000e08b074cb5
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200000e08b074cb5
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b296060
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b296060
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Example 6 Listing All SCSI Targets and Link Statistics
The following command lists all remote ports as well as the link statistics and scsi-target information:
# fcinfo remote-port -sl -p 210100e08b272ab5
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b296a60
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b296a60
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 20030003ba27d56d
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 10000003ba27d56d
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 4765165
Loss of Signal Count: 4765165
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
LUN: 0
Vendor: SUN
Product: T4
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t20030003BA27D56Dd0s2
LUN: 1
Vendor: SUN
Product: T4
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t20030003BA27D56Dd1s2
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b27f7a6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b27f7a6
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 50020f230000b897
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 50020f200000b897
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 7
Loss of Signal Count: 7
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
LUN: 0
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: Unknown
LUN: 1
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d1s2
LUN: 2
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d2s2
LUN: 3
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d3s2
LUN: 4
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d4s2
LUN: 5
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d5s2
LUN: 6
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d6s2
LUN: 7
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d7s2
LUN: 8
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d8s2
LUN: 9
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d9s2
LUN: 10
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d10s2
LUN: 11
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d11s2
LUN: 12
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d12s2
LUN: 13
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d13s2
LUN: 14
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d14s2
LUN: 15
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d15s2
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b27daa6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b27daa6
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 210000e08b074cb5
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200000e08b074cb5
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b296060
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b296060
Link Error Statistics:
Link Failure Count: 0
Loss of Sync Count: 0
Loss of Signal Count: 0
Primitive Seq Protocol Error Count: 0
Invalid Tx Word Count: 0
Invalid CRC Count: 0
Example 7 Listing SCSI Target Information
The following command lists all remote ports as well as the scsi-target information:
# fcinfo remote-port -s -p 210100e08b272ab5
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b296a60
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b296060
Remote Port WWN: 20030003ba27d56d
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 10000003ba27d56d
LUN: 0
Vendor: SUN
Product: T4
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t20030003BA27D56Dd0s2
LUN: 1
Vendor: SUN
Product: T4
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t20030003BA27D56Dd1s2
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b27f7a6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b27f7a6
Remote Port WWN: 50020f230000b897
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: yes
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 50020f200000b897
LUN: 0
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: Unknown
LUN: 1
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d1s2
LUN: 2
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d2s2
LUN: 3
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d3s2
LUN: 4
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d4s2
LUN: 5
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d5s2
LUN: 6
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d6s2
LUN: 7
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d7s2
LUN: 8
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d8s2
LUN: 9
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d9s2
LUN: 10
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d10s2
LUN: 11
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d11s2
LUN: 12
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d12s2
LUN: 13
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d13s2
LUN: 14
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d14s2
LUN: 15
Vendor: SUN
Product: T300
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c4t50020F230000B897d15s2
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b27daa6
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b27daa6
Remote Port WWN: 210000e08b074cb5
Active FC4 Types: SCSI,IP
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200000e08b074cb5
Remote Port WWN: 210100e08b296060
Active FC4 Types: SCSI
SCSI Target: no
Port Symbolic Name: unknown
Node WWN: 200100e08b296060
Example 8 Listing the Logical Unit
The following command lists the logical unit:
# fcinfo logical-unit
/dev/rdsk/c0t600C0FF0000000000036223AE73EB705d0s2
/dev/rdsk/c0t600C0FF00000000000362272539E5B03d0s2
/dev/rmt/0n
Example 9 Displaying Additional Information for the Logical Unit
The following command displays additional information about the logical unit using the -v option for device /dev/rmt/On:
# fcinfo lu -v /dev/rmt/On
OS Device Name: /dev/rmt/0n
HBA Port WWN: 210000e07c030b91
Remote Port WWN: 21010003b7830a6
LUN: 0
Vendor: STK
Product: 9940A
Device Type: Tape device
The following command displays additional information about the logical unit using the -v option for device
/dev/rdsk/c0t600C0FF0000000000036223AE73EB705d0s2
# fcinfo logical-unit -v
/dev/rdsk/c0t600C0FF0000000000036223AE73EB705d0s2
OS Device Name: /dev/rdsk/c0t600C0FF0000000000036223AE73EB705d0s2
HBA Port WWN: 210100e08b27a8a1
Remote Port WWN: 256000c0ffc03622
LUN: 0
Remote Port WWN: 216000c0ff803622
LUN: 0
HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b07a8a1
Remote Port WWN: 256000c0ffc03622
LUN: 0
Remote Port WWN: 216000c0ff803622
LUN: 0
Vendor: SUN
Product: StorEdge 3510
Device Type: Disk device
Example 10 Adding an NIPV Port
The following command adds an NPIV port to the HBA with a port name:
210000e08b170f1c
The NPIV port has a port name of 2000000000000001 and a node name of 2100000000000001.
# fcadm create-npiv-port -p 2000000000000001 -n 2100000000000001
210000e08b170f1c
Created NPIV Port:
HBA Port WWN: 2000000000000001
Node WWN: 2100000000000001
Physical HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b170f1c
Example 11 Adding an NIPV Port with Random WWN
The following command adds an NPIV port to the HBA with a randomly assigned port name of 210000e08b170f1c.
# fcadm create-npiv-port 210000e08b170f1c
Created NPIV Port:
HBA Port WWN: 2038295824942801
Node WWN: 2100392849248001
Physical HBA Port WWN: 210000e08b170f1c
Example 12 Deleting an NIPV Port
The following command deletes an NPIV port.
# fcadm delete-npiv-port -p 2000000000000001 -w 2100000000000001
210000e08b170f1c
ATTRIBUTES
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Availability |SUNW |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
|Interface Stability |Committed |
+-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
SEE ALSO
attributes(5)
ERROR MESSAGES
Errors that can occur in addition to the errors normally associated with system administration commands:
o HBA_port_WWN: not found
o Remote_port_WWN: not found
o HBA_port_WWN: NPIV not supported on this HBA
SunOS 5.11 4 Aug 2008 fcinfo(1M)