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Hi,

I have a simple program(it's really easy):

Code:
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <unistd.h>
main()
{ int i;
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
if(fork()==0)
printf("parent %d \n",i );
else
printf("child %d \n",i);
}
}

$./a.out

the Result on screen:
parent 0
child 0
parent 1
child 1
child 1
parent 1

(this is easy to understand)

but if i try to send the result to a file:

$./a.out > out.txt

Result on out.txt:
child 0
child 1
child 0
parent 1
parent 0
child 1
parent 0
parent 1


Any one knows how this happen?I am really interested in this.

Fundamentally when you are trying to fork() processes or start threads you can't really tell whether the parent process or child process echos first because this is subject to the process scheduling mechanism and which process is being served at that point. Therefore, the range of output can be highly dynamic and that's why you ought to get different outputs at different invocations. Whether to pipe or not to pipe the results to a file won't make any difference.

This is called 'race condition'. For an example, see here
http://docs.linux.cz/unix_examples/race.html

Thanks!

And now i change my program like this:



Main(void)
{
int I;
printf(¡°%d,%d,%d \n¡±,getpid(),getppid(),getpgid(0));
for(I=0;I<2;I++)
if (fork()==0)
printf(¡°%d\t%d,%d,%d \n¡±,I,getpid(),getppid(),getpgid(0));
}

Result on screen:
59066,56414,59066 //parent print this
0 43282,59066,59066 //this is the first child process
1 27854,43282,59066 //first child process's child
1 5422,59066,59066 //second child process


Result on out.txt:
43306,56414,43306
43306,56414,43306
1 64390,1,43306
43306,56414,43306
0 58632,43306,43306
43306,56414,43306
0 58632,43306,43306
1 39766,1,43306

but how the race condition happen?I guess there is something going on in it's cache....

but i know when fork() produce a child process it will copy it's cache to the child's.

but does any body know the process of doing all these things(i mean from the child's birth to the death)

or anyone can give me some reference?

Although the process image is copied through fork(), the parent and child processes are already two distinct processes and no longer share the same process space, so the case is now like two text editor instances running concurrently. Unless you carry out some special synchronizations (say, through mechanisms of locking shared resources like semaphore or monitors) between these processes race condition should continue to exist.

Some processes appear to have ppid == 1 because the parent process has ended and is then collected by init, which has pid 1.

You can get more info on processes from any university textbooks on operating system design, such as "Operating System Concepts" that I have on my desk.

thanks for your help!


but,where can i download it?

It's a printed university text book. It would only be online if somebody violates the copyright and possibly scan it over the Web (unlikely for u. textbooks, I think)

Possibly amazon.com have one sample chapter but not necessarily the chapter on processes.

When You do fork() process' address space is being copied. If it happens before prinft()'s buffers are flushed, buffer's content is inherited by child process, and then printf()'ed by it, so You get the same output twice (from child and parent process).If flushing is delayed buffers can be inherited over and over (bysare scheduled by OS, running program many times can give different results (different order).

Good Luck!