DACS.EXPRS(5) DACS Formats Manual DACS.EXPRS(5)
NAME
dacs.exprs - DACS expression language
DESCRIPTION
These files are part of the DACS suite.
DPL (the DACS programming language) is used in access control rules, its revocation list, and in configuration files. This programmability
gives DACS maximum run-time configurability and flexibility. A DPL expression - or even a small program - may appear within predicate,
allow, and deny elements of an access control rule, for example. DPL is also accessible using the dacsexpr(1)[1] command, which can be
used for writing scripts even for non-DACS applications.
DPL, which is gradually evolving in mostly backward-compatible ways, is similar in many ways to Perl[2], PHP[3], Tcl[4] and its expressions
look and behave much like C/C++ expressions. The calling signatures for functions are reminiscent of those of Tcl, with literal or string
arguments used to select a particular mode of operation or specify options. The syntaxes used for strings and variables have been
influenced by various Unix shells. Our intent is for the language to feel familiar and be easy to use for the typical tasks at hand. We
have tried not to be gratuitously different.
Note
The philosophy guiding the design of the DACS expression language is that its power should be limited to basic operations on elementary
data types that can be expressed simply and evaluated efficiently, along with a collection of utility and higher-level functions,
targeted for the tasks at hand, that hide complexity. This is why the language does not include much in the way of control flow
statements - our feeling is that complicated expressions are more likely to introduce mistakes, which can easily result in access
control rules not working as intended.
While fleshing out the language is not a priority, expression syntax and the set of functions are being extended as necessary. An
extensibility mechanism is planned that would let user-defined functions be loaded at run-time.
While there are no immediate plans to do so, replacing the DACS expression language with a general-purpose extension language may
eventually make sense. Tcl and Perl would be leading contenders.
Tip
The dacsexpr(1)[1] utility can be useful for learning, testing, and debugging DPL.
Expression Syntax
Expression evaluation consists of a lexical analysis stage, in which the expression is broken into a sequence of tokens, followed by
evaluation of the tokens.
Expression syntax is checked before an expression is evaluated. Any syntactic or run-time evaluation error immediately terminates
evaluation of the top-level expression and returns a False result.
Note
Because files containing expressions are local to the DACS site on which they appear (i.e., DACS does not copy them), they need not be
portable across sites. This means that any DACS jurisdiction is free to customize or extend these expressions at will since they do not
have to be understood or executed by any other jurisdiction.
Comments
Three comment styles are recognized:
o The /* ... */ C style comment syntax, which does not nest;
o The // syntax of C++, where the remainder of the line following the token is ignored; and
o The # syntax of shells and many scripting languages, provided the # is either at the beginning of a line or appears after
whitespace, where the remainder of the line following the token is ignored. Note that escaping the # by preceding it with a
backslash prevents the text that follows from being interpreted as a comment. For example, this will result in a syntax error if
the backslash is omitted:
> ${foo:? #xxx}
" #xxx"
Here are examples of all three styles:
/*
* This is a comment
*/
// This is another comment
${x} = 17; # And one last comment
Additionally, when expressions are parsed in the context of an XML document (such as in an access control rule), the XML comment syntax
can be used (<!-- A comment -->). Such comments can span multiple lines.
<!--
Comment out this clause for now...
<Auth id="authx">
STYLE "expr"
CONTROL "sufficient"
</Auth>
-->
Basic Data Types
The following basic data types are supported:
integer
int
, Integers are represented internally as a C/C++ long int. Maximum and minimum values are platform dependent. Integers are written in
the C-style syntax; for example, -1958, 0377 (octal), and 0xABC (hexadecimal, upper or lower case).
real
double
, Reals are represented internally as a C/C++ double. Maximum and minimum values are platform dependent. A real constant is an optional
sequence of decimal digits (possibly signed) followed by a period and 1) at least one digit or 2) an 'e' or 'E' followed by at least
one digit.
string
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed between matching single or double quotes (e.g., 'Hello world'). Interpolation of
variables occurs within double quotes but not single quotes. C-style character escape codes and octal numeric escape codes are
understood (e.g., " ", " 10") and either quote character (e.g., 'It's here') and the backslash character (e.g., "\") can be quoted.
An unrecognized quoted character is mapped to that character (e.g., "x" is "x"). Character strings are limited in length by available
memory and are represented internally as a null-terminated vector.
Note
o Because a string is null-terminated, it cannot contain a NUL character. Also, functions that deal with strings usually do not
expect (most) ASCII control characters to appear in a string. Therefore a string that contains an unprintable character (a
character that is not a tab, newline, carriage return, and that does not satisfy isprint(3)[5]) automatically becomes a bstring
(see below).
o Because DACS configuration files are XML documents, characters special to XML must be properly escaped within them. In
particular, an ampersand character must always be written as & and a < character must be written as <. For example, the
query string a=1&b=2 might be used as
${Foo::QUERY_STRING} = "a=1&b=2"
Variable references may occur within a (double-quoted) string; the value of the variable reference is interpolated at that point. If
${Foo::bar} is "hello", then the value of "${Foo::bar}, world" is "hello, world".
Note
The first expression is invalid and must be written as the second:
foo"baz"
foo."baz"
binary
bstring
, A binary string is a sequence of bytes, limited in length by available memory. Most language operators cannot be applied to data of
this type without converting it to another type (e.g., two bstring values cannot be added using the + operator). A binary string is not
necessarily portable across systems.
> " 12"
"000102"
bareword
This type is a "literal word" much like Perl's barewords. A bareword consists of an initial alphabetic character, followed by any
number of alphanumerics and underscores. The resulting lexical token must have no other interpretation in the language and is treated
as if it were a quoted string. This syntactic convenience makes these two function calls equivalent:
file(test, "-e", foo)
file("test", "-e", "foo")
These two expressions are equivalent and yield "foobaz":
foo."baz"
foo.baz
bool
The boolean values True and False are either the result of evaluating certain expressions or are implicit argument values. This is
really a pseudo-type because it is represented internally as an integer. In the former case, the integer 1 is the canonical "true"
value and 0 is considered "false". In the latter case, there are several possibilities. If the argument is an integer or real, any
non-zero value is considered True and 0 is considered False. For the string data type, both the empty string (i.e., "") and the string
"0" are considered False and anything else is considered True. A binary string is equivalent to False if and only if its length is
zero. An empty list of either variety ("[]" or "{}") is False, while any non-empty list or alist is True.
Automatic type conversion is performed when necessary and possible. In general, a "lower" type is promoted to a "higher" type (e.g., an
integer is converted to a real when it is added to a real) and the result is of the higher type. Arguments to function calls are
automatically coerced to the required types. A printable binary string (one not containing any "troublesome" control characters) can be
converted into a string without loss; other binary strings are converted into a hexadecimal string representation for assignment or
display.
The C/C++ unary cast operation is available for explicit type conversion. Not all conversions are supported (e.g., integer to binary and
binary to string). These type names are case sensitive.
The language includes the concept of the void type, which cannot be stored in a variable, used as an operand, or printed. Some functions
are void, print()[6] for example. A value can be cast[7] to void.
Note
Support for binary data is only partially implemented.
Variables and Namespaces
Every variable exists within a namespace. Namespaces exist so that the same variable name can exist safely and without ambiguity in
different contexts. They also serve to group together and name a set of closely related variables, and they make it easy for all variables
in the set to be assigned a characteristic (such as being read-only). For example, CGI parameter values are automatically put in the Args
namespace and variables automatically created by DACS are put in the DACS namespace. Namespaces address the problem of a parameter name
that happens to have the same name as a variable created by DACS, for example. They also allow intermediate results to be stored in their
own namespace, also avoiding the problem of clashing variable names.
Variables are not declared in advance. The value of an uninitialized variable is the empty string, which is invalid in a numerical context,
but variables should always be initialized before being used. Some variables are created automatically by DACS from the execution context
(e.g., the value of a CGI parameter value, the identity of the client, an environment variable), as a side-effect of function evaluation,
or by an assignment operator.
The interpreter tries to maintain the natural type of a variable when possible, to avoid conversions to and from the string type.
Variable Syntax
A variable reference may have either of the following syntaxes:
${[namespace::]variable-name[:flags]}
$[namespace::]variable-name
For instance, the following refers to the value of a variable called JURISDICTION_NAME within the namespace called Conf:
${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME}
A variable called JURISDICTION_NAME within a different namespace could exist and would be completely distinct.
A namespace must begin with an alphabetic character and can be followed by any number of alphabetics, digits, dashes, and underscores.
By convention, predefined namespaces begin with an upper case letter.
If the namespace is omitted from a variable reference, a default namespace is implied (see below).
A variable name consists of any number of alphanumeric characters (upper and lower case), and characters from this set:
-_.!~*'()
Additionally, a "%" character that is followed by two hexadecimal characters (upper and lower case) is acceptable.
If instead of a variable name the character "#" appears, the number of variables in the namespace is returned. If the namespace does
not exist, 0 is returned. For example, the value of this variable reference is the number of variables in the Conf namespace:
${Conf::#}
When the syntax with braces is used, a variable name may be followed by a colon and then one or more modifier flags that affect the
processing of the variable. Referencing an invalid variable name or unknown namespace, or using an undefined modifier flag is an error.
Referencing an undefined variable yields the empty string.
Variable names are case sensitive by default; namespaces are always case sensitive.
User-defined variables and namespaces are not persistent. They disappear when their execution context terminates.
Tip
A variable reference may not contain any whitespace except when it appears after a ? or + modifier flag.
Tip
Because many variable references do not include flags or use punctuation characters in the variable name, as a convenience the
braces that surround a variable reference may be omitted in certain cases. This is only possible if the variable name begins with
an alphabetic or an underscore, which can be followed by alphanumerics and underscores. A namespace may be specified, but flags are
not permitted, although the special "#" construct is also allowed. The variable name ends with the first invalid character. For
example, these pairs of variable references are equivalent:
${myvar}
$myvar
${foo::baz}
$foo::baz
Note that the variable reference ${foo-17} has a valid but different interpretation if the braces are omitted.
Variable Modifier Flags
A variable reference may include one or more modifier flags that control how the reference is to be interpreted.
The following modifier flags are recognized:
e
Exists: The "e" modifier flag is used to test whether the variable exists (has been defined). Instead of returning the value of the
variable or causing an error, the value of the variable reference is the string "1" if the variable is defined, the empty string
otherwise (equivalent to False).
i
Insensitive: When looking up the name of a variable, the default is to use a case-sensitive comparison for the variable name. To
use a case-insensitive comparison instead, an "i" flag is used (e.g., ${FOO::i}). The namespace lookup is always case sensitive.
n
Non-empty: The "n" modifier flag tests whether the variable exists (has been defined) and is not the empty string (i.e., has zero
length). Instead of returning the value of the variable or causing an error, the value of the variable reference is the string "1"
if the variable is defined and is not the empty string, otherwise it is the empty string (equivalent to False).
z
Zero: The opposite of the "n" flag, instead of returning the value of the variable or causing an error, the value of the variable
reference is the string "1" if the variable is undefined or the empty string, otherwise it is the empty string (equivalent to
False).
?
Default: The "?" modifier flag must appear last if it is used. The flag is immediately followed by zero or more characters. Its
purpose is to associate a default value with the variable reference. If the variable is defined and is not empty, then the result
of the variable reference is the value of the variable; otherwise, the result is the evaluation of the characters that follow the
"?" flag. If no character follows the "?" flag, the empty string is indicated. The default may itself contain variable references,
embedded spaces, etc., and is evaluated left to right. Any "}" characters appearing in the string before the last closing brace
must be escaped by being preceded by a backslash.
+
Substitute: The "+" modifier flag must appear last if it is used. The flag is immediately followed by zero or more characters. Its
purpose is to associate a substitute value with a variable reference. If the variable is defined and is not the empty string, then
the result of the variable reference is the evaluation of the characters that follow the "+" flag; if the variable is undefined or
is the empty string, the value of the variable reference is the empty string. If no character follows the "+" flag, the empty
string is indicated. The substitute may itself contain variable references, embedded spaces, etc., and is evaluated left to right.
Any "}" characters appearing in the string before the last closing brace must be escaped by being preceded by a backslash.
The i can be combined with any other flag, but it must appear first. All other flags are mutually exclusive. Repetitions of a flag are
ignored. An unrecognized flag raises an error condition.
Consider these examples:
${Args::SCALE:?17}
${Foo::bar:i?${Bar::baz}baz}
"${DACS::QUERY:+?}${DACS::QUERY:?}"
In the first example, if ${Args::SCALE} is undefined or empty, the value of the variable reference is "17" instead of the value of
${Args::SCALE}. In the second example, if ${Foo::bar} (case insensitive) is defined, the result is its value, otherwise the result is
the value of the string "${Bar::baz}baz". In the third example, if ${DACS::QUERY} is defined and not empty, the value of the expression
will be a question mark followed by the value of ${DACS::QUERY}. If ${DACS::QUERY} is undefined or empty, the value will be the empty
string.
Reserved Namespaces
The following namespaces are predefined by DACS and reserved for particular uses. Some are read-only, which means that only DACS can
create a variable or change the value of a variable in the namespace, except in certain contexts.
Args
Instantiated from query string arguments and the POST data stream (if the content type is application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
multipart/form-data). This namespace is read-only.
Argv
Instantiated by dacsexpr from the command line flags passed to the script. The value of ${Argv::0} is the name of the file being
processed, with - signifying the standard input. The next argument, if any, will be ${Argv::1}, and so on. This namespace is
read-only.
Auth
Used by dacs_authenticate(8)[8] during authentication processing.
Conf
Instantiated with configuration directive variables, this namespace is made read-only after configuration processing. See
dacs.conf(5)[9].
Cookies
This namespace is instantiated with HTTP cookies that were submitted with a request. For security reasons, those associated with
DACS credentials are excluded. This is a read-only namespace. If a cookie named foo is sent by a user agent, an access control rule
can access the cookie value as ${Cookies::foo}.
DACS
Instantiated with DACS-specific variables. It is read-only. See dacs_acs(8)[10].
Env
For web services, instantiated with the standard Apache environment variables; for other programs, instantiated from the execution
environment (environ(7)[11]). It is read-only.
ExecEnv
Used by exec()[12].
LDAP
Used by local_ldap_authenticate.
Temp
Unless disabled or redefined at build-time, variable references that do not include a namespace are associated with this namespace
as a convenience. The following three expressions are therefore equivalent:
${foo} = 17
${Temp::foo} = 17
$foo = 17
In a future release, this mechanism may be generalized to provide a run-time means of selecting the default namespace.
Lists, Alists, and Arrays
DPL supports more complicated data structures based on lists and associative lists. These types may also be combined and composed so that
programmers can create lists of lists, and so on.
Lists
A list is composed of zero or more basic data types or sub-lists. A list is created using the following syntax:
LIST -> "[" "]" | "[" LIST-ELS "]"
LIST-ELS -> EL | EL "," LIST-ELS
EL -> BASIC-DATA-TYPE | LIST
A list can also be created through the list()[13] function.
Here is a list consisting of four elements:
[1, "one", 1.000, ["one sublist"]]
The length()[14] function returns the number of elements in a list.
A list can be assigned to a variable:
$mylist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
$mylist_copy = $mylist
Note
These two statements are equivalent:
$mylist = ["one", "two"]
${mylist} = ["one", "two"]
And so are these two:
$mylist[0]
${mylist}[0]
Modifier flags therefore do not apply to list elements, only the list variable.
A list or element can be appended to another list using the "." ("dot") concatenation operator. List elements can be rotated using the
">>" ("shift left") or "<<" ("shift right") operators. The compound assignment operator versions of these operators may also be used.
> $mylist=[orange, apple, grape]
[orange,apple,grape]
> $mylist . banana
[orange,apple,grape,banana]
> $mylist .= [prune,plum]
[orange,apple,grape,prune,plum]
> $mylist .= [[lime]]
[orange,apple,grape,prune,plum,[lime]]
>$mylist << 1
[apple,grape,banana,prune,plum,[lime],orange]
A list element can be referenced using a subscript between zero and one less than the number of elements in the list:
> $mylist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]; length($mylist)
6
> $mylist[0]
1
It is an error to reference a non-existent list element using a subscript. (Note: additional syntax may be introduced to provide a way
to declare lists and arrays.)
The values of one or more list elements are selected by a list reference, which includes the simple subscript case just described. The
value of a list reference is either a basic data type or a list.
LIST-REFERENCE -> "[" LIST-REFERENCE-ELS "]"
LIST-REFERENCE-ELS -> EMPTY | LIST-REFERENCE-EL | LIST-REFERENCE-EL "," LIST-REFERENCE-ELS
LIST-REFERENCE-EL -> EXP | LIST-REFERENCE-SLICE
LIST-REFERENCE-SLICE -> EXP ".." EXP
LIST-REFERENCE-SEQ -> LIST-REFERENCE | LIST-REFERENCE LIST-REFERENCE-SEQ
An EXP must evaluate to a non-negative integer value. The ".." ("dotdot") range operator specifies a sequence of subscripts between the
value to its left and the value to its right, inclusive. The left value must not be greater than the right value. If "#" appears to the
right of the ".." operator, the number of elements in the list variable or the intermediate list computation is implied. A "#" may not
appear to the left of ".." and may not be used in an expression (e.g., "#-2" is invalid). As in a function's argument list, a comma is
not treated as the comma operator in this context. Note that it is not an error to specify non-existent elements in a slice; therefore
it is possible for the value of a list reference to be the empty list.
> $i=1, $mylist[$i]
2
> $mylist[1,3,5]
[2,4,6]
> $mylist[0..2,4]
[1,2,3,5]
> $mylist[2..#]
[3,4,5,6]
> $mylist[0..3]
[1,2,3,4]
The dotdot operator can also be used to construct an element of a list or alist:
> $a = [1, 4..8, 10, 12, 13]
[1,4..8,10,12,13]
> length($a)
5
> $b = [0..2,4]; listref($a, $b)
[1,4..8,10,13]
Whether a "[" ... "]" sequence introduces a list constructor or list reference depends on the context; if it appears to the right of a
list variable, list constructor, a function that returns a list, or another list reference, it is treated as a list reference.
List references can be composed as a right-associative operation. For example:
> $a = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
[[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
> $a[1][1]
5
> $a[0..1][1..2]
[[4,5,6]]
> $a[0..1][1..2][0][2]
6
Tip
Individual characters and sequences of characters of a string-valued expression can be selected using strchars()[15], which uses a
similar syntax.
Note
o The list constructor and list reference syntax has not yet been integrated with the expression grammar[16].
o A list value can also be assigned to a subscripted variable; only a single subscript is allowed, however, and the referenced
element must already exist:
> $a = [1, 2, 3]
[1,2,3]
> $a[2] = 17
17
> $i = 1
1
> $a[$i] = [10, 11]
[10,11]
> $a
[1,[10,11],17]
Alists
DPL's associative list, or "alist", is similar to Perl's hashes. An alist is composed of zero or more pairs. The first element of each
pair is a case-sensitive key, unique within the alist, that is used to index the element. The second element of a pair is its value,
which may be any data type. The key element of a pair, or all the keys in an alist, can be obtained using keysof()[17]. Similarly,
valuesof()[18] yields the value element or a list of value elements.
Unlike a regular list, elements within an alist are not ordered. Two alists can only be compared for equality (or inequality); they are
equal if they contain exactly the same pairs.
An alist has the following syntax:
ALIST -> "{" "}" | "{" ALIST-PAIRS "}"
ALIST-PAIRS -> ALIST-PAIR | ALIST-PAIRS "," ALIST-PAIR
ALIST-PAIR -> KEY-EL "," VALUE-EL
KEY-EL -> STRING
VALUE-EL -> BASIC-DATA-TYPE | LIST | ALIST
An alist can also be created through the alist()[19] function.
Here is an alist consisting of four elements:
{"red", 0, "blue", 2, "green", 5, "black", 7}
The length()[14] function returns the number of pairs of elements in an alist.
An alist can be assigned to a variable:
$myalist = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
$myalist_copy = $myalist
An alist can be appended to another alist using the "." ("dot") concatenation operator. The compound assignment operator version of
this operator may also be used.
> $myalist={sunny, 3}
{"sunny", 3}
> $myalist . {rainy, 11}
{"sunny", 3, "rainy", 11}
> $myalist .= {"snowy", 13}
{"sunny", 3, "snowy", 13}
An alist element or pair is referenced using a string subscript. A sequence of string subscripts can be used to select multiple pairs.
If the subscript (or subscripts) are within brackets, then a successful result will be a basic data type or a list. If the subscript
(or subscripts) are within braces, then a successful result will always be an alist. Note that because an alist subscript is not
automatically converted to the string type, a numeric subscript is illegal.
> $myalist = {a, 2, b, 4, c, 6}; length($myalist)
3
> $myalist["a"]
2
> $myalist{"b"}
{"b", 4}
> $myalist{"c", "a"}
{"c", 6, "a", 2}
It is an error to reference a non-existent alist element. (Note: additional syntax may be introduced to provide a way to declare lists
and arrays.)
Like regular lists, alist references can be composed as a right-associative operation:
> $myalist = {a, [1, 2], b, [3, 4], c, [5, 6]}; length($myalist)
3
> $myalist["a"]
[1, 2]
> $myalist{"b"}
{"b", [3, 4]}
> $myalist{"b"}[1]
4
It is possible to convert an alist to a regular list, or vice versa; see the cast[7] operator.
Note
There is currently no way to delete an alist pair.
Expression Grammar
The following grammar is used to construct an expression (EXP) or sequence (S) of expressions.
Note
The syntax is very similar to that of the C programming language. It differs with respect to data types, variables, compile-time
operators, and on some minor aspects of grammar.
A sequence of statements (or simply a sequence) is two or more expressions, with a ";" character separating them. The ";" is unnecessary
following the last statement in a sequence of statements (and is therefore unnecessary if there is only one expression). The statements are
evaluated in the order in which they appear. The value of a sequence is that of the last expression, unless an exit or return function is
invoked, in which case the value of the sequence is the value returned by the function call. An error condition will also terminate
evaluation of the sequence and yield a result of False. A sequence within curly braces is called a block.
Figure 1. Expression Grammar
S -> E | E ";" | E ";" S
E -> E2 | E2 "," E
E2 -> E3 | VAR ASSIGN_OP E2 | IF_ELSEIF_ELSE
E3 -> E4 | E4 "?" E ":" E
E4 -> E5 | E5 OR E5
E5 -> E6 | E6 AND E5
E6 -> E7 | E7 "|" E7
E7 -> E8 | E8 "^" E8
E8 -> E9 | E9 "&" E9
E9 -> E10 | E10 EQ_OP E10
E10 -> E11 | E11 REL_OP E11
E11 -> E12 | E12 "." E12
E12 -> E13 | E13 "<<" E13 | E13 ">>" E13
E13 -> E14 | E14 "+" E14 | E14 "-" E14
E14 -> E15 | E15 "*" E15 | E15 "/" E15 | E15 "%" E15
E15 -> E16 | E16 "^" E14 | E16 "**" E14
E16 -> E17 | NOT E16 | "~" E16 | "++" VAR | "--" VAR
| "+" E | "-" E | "(" type ")"
E17 -> "(" E ")" | VAR "++" | VAR "--" | FUNCTION_CALL | PRIMARY
ASSIGN_OP -> "=" | "+=" | "-=" | "*=" | "/=" | "%=" | ">>="
| "<<=" | "&=" | "^=" | "|=" | ".="
PRIMARY -> a number | a string | VAR
OR -> "||" | "or"
AND -> "&&" | "and"
NOT -> "!" | "not"
EQ_OP -> "==" | "!=" | "eq" | "ne"
REL_OP -> "<" | "<=" | ">" | ">=" | "lt" | "le" | "gt" | "ge"
VAR -> a variable reference
FUNCTION_CALL -> FUNCTION_NAME "(" ARG_LIST ")"
ARG_LIST -> EMPTY | E2 | ARG_LIST "," E2
EMPTY ->
Keywords and function names are case sensitive.
The production VAR ASSIGN_OP E in the grammar refers to assignment of the evaluation of E to a variable using the given assignment operator
(ASSIGN_OP). For example,
${a} += 17
Provided ${a} has been initialized to an integer value, this expression increments it by 17.
The production IF_ELSEIF_ELSE represents a familiar if statement with zero or more elseif components and an optional else component:
if (expression) {
sequence
}
[elseif (expression) {
sequence
}] ...
[else {
sequence
}]
Each block is an optional sequence of statements. Braces are mandatory.
Tip
An if_elseif_else statement has a value: it is either that of the last statement executed in the selected block, or the empty string if
no statement is executed. In this example, ${a} is set to either 33 or ${b} - 1, depending on whether ${b} is greater than eight:
${a} = if (${b} > 8) {${b}++; 33;} else {${b} - 1}
The value of this expression is the string "hello, world":
"hello, " . (if (0) {b . y . e} else {"world"})
Note
As in C, function calls, nested assignment operators, and increment and decrement operators cause side effects where the value of a
variable is changed during expression evaluation. Because exactly when such side effects take place is left unspecified, programmers
should avoid writing code with these kinds of dependencies on evaluation ordering.
Operators
The operators that appear in the grammar have the following semantics. They are listed in order of increasing precedence (which is very
close to ISO C's), with operators in the same section having equal precedence. The result of applying an operator is one of the supported
data types[20], or an error. Parentheses can be applied to subexpressions in the usual way.
Whenever it makes sense, intermediate values are automatically converted to an appropriate type by an operator. So, for example, adding an
integer and a real will cause the integer to automatically be converted to a real, yielding a real value. Adding a string and a number will
work only if the string can be successfully converted to a number. In situations where an integer is required, a real value (including a
string that represents a valid real number) will be truncated to an integer. For logical comparison operators, the operands will both be
converted to integers, reals, or strings as necessary. A string value that is an illegal number will always be treated as a string.
Note
id="note11" xreflabel="dacsexpr prompts".PP In the examples that follow, the '>' character at the beginning of an input line is a
prompt from dacsexpr(1)[1].
,
This is the C/C++ comma operator. A pair of expressions separated by a comma is evaluated left to right, and the type and value of the
result are the type and value of the right operand.
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, >>=, <<=, &=, ^=, |=, .=
Assignment is done using a simple or compound assignment operator, each of which has right to left associativity. In the case of a
compound assignment operator, the left hand side is evaluated only once. The type and value of an assignment is that of its right hand
side. A variable reference is expected on the left side of the operator. Modifier flags are not permitted. The variable, which is
created if it does not exist. The syntax of the variable reference includes the initial "${" and terminating "}" character (so it's
similar to Perl's syntax).
> ${foo::bar} = "hello"
"hello"
> ${foo::bar} .= ", world"
"hello, world"
> ${a} = [1, 2]
[1,2]
> ${a} .= [3, 4]
[1,2,3,4]
?:
This is equivalent to the C/C++ conditional expression, which has right to left associativity. If the first expression is True, the
result is the value of the second expression (the third is not evaluated). If the first expression is False, the result is the value of
the third expression (the second is not evaluated).
or, ||
This is the C/C++ logical OR operator, which yields 1 (True) if either operand is True, otherwise it yields 0 (False). Evaluation is
from left to right and and stops as soon as the truth or falsehood of the result is known. The two tokens are synonymous.
and, &&
This is the C/C++ logical AND operator, which yields 1 (True) if both operands are True, otherwise it yields 0 (False). Evaluation is
from left to right and and stops as soon as the truth or falsehood of the result is known. The two tokens are synonymous.
Note
When expressions are parsed as XML attribute values, an '&' character must be encoded as the five characters '&'.
|
This is the C/C++ bitwise inclusive OR operator. Both operands must be integers.
^
This is the C/C++ bitwise exclusive OR operator. Both operands must be integers.
&
This is the C/C++ bitwise AND operator. Both operands must be integers.
Note
When expressions are parsed as XML attribute values, an '&' character must be encoded as the five characters '&'.
==, !=, eq, ne, eq:i, ne:i
These operators compare their arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. If both arguments are lists, corresponding
elements of both lists are compared, recursively. If both arguments are alists, the number of pairs in both lists is compared and, if
necessary, pairs in the first list are looked up in the second list for matching values (note that the case-insensitive variant applies
only to the value component of a pair, not the key component). For other valid arguments an attempt is first made to coerce both
arguments to numbers and do a numeric comparison. If that fails, a lexicographic comparison is performed. Operators having a :i
modifier are like their counterparts without the modifier except they do case-insensitive string comparisons.
If either argument is of type bstring, however, the comparison is done differently than explained above. Two bstring arguments are
equal if and only if they are byte-wise identical. If one argument is a bstring and the other is a string, the latter is treated as a
bstring of length(string) bytes. The case flag is ignored if at least one argument is a bstring.
<, <=, >, >=, lt, le, lt:i, le:i, gt, ge, gt:i, ge:i
These operators compare their arguments and return 1 if the relation is true, 0 otherwise. An attempt is first made to coerce both
arguments to numbers and do a numeric comparison. If that fails, a lexicographic comparison is performed. Operators having a :i
modifier are like their counterparts without the modifier except they do a case-insensitive comparison.
Note
When expressions are parsed as XML attribute values, the '<' character must be encoded as the four characters '<'; the same
applies to the "greater than" symbol.
If either argument is of type bstring, however, the comparison is done differently than explained above. If two bstring arguments are
compared, the shorter bstring is "less than" the other argument and they are equal if and only if they are byte-wise identical. If one
argument is a bstring and the other is a string, the latter is treated as a bstring of length(string) bytes. The case flag is ignored
if at least one argument is a bstring.
.
The "dot" operator (not in ISO C) concatenates its right operand to its left operand. If both arguments are of type bstring, the result
is also of type bstring. If the left operand is a list and the right operand is a basic data type, the right operand is appended to the
list. If the left operand is a list and the right operand is also a list, the elements of the right operand are appended to the left
operand. A list may not appear as the right operand if the left operand is not a list. In all other cases, both arguments are coerced
to string (an error occurs if this cannot be done) before the left operand is appended to the right.
> "hello" . ", world"
"hello, world"
> "hello" . (16 + 1)
"hello17"
> 17 . (16 + 1)
"1717"
> [1, 2, 3] . 4
[1,2,3,4]
> [1, 2, 3] . [4, 5, 6]
[1,2,3,4,5,6]
> [1, 2, 3] . [[4]]
[1,2,3,[4]]
Note
A period will be recognized as a decimal point in a real number context rather than as the dot operator, so the input:
4.5
will be scanned as a number whereas, for example, the input:
"4".5
will evaluate to the string "45".
<<, >>
These are the C/C++ bitwise left shift and right shift operators, respectively. The first operand may be an integer or a list, the
second operand must be an integer. When shifting an integer, these operators are implemented using the corresponding C/C++ operators.
In the case of right shifting, the behaviour with respect to arithmetic vs. logical shifts will be platform dependent.
+, -
These are the (binary) addition and subtraction operators, respectively. Both arguments are coerced to numbers. An error occurs if this
cannot be done. Also, unary + and - operators may precede an arithmetic-valued expression.
*, /, %
These are the multiplication, division, and remainder operators, respectively. Both arguments are coerced to numbers. An error occurs
if this cannot be done, such as attempting to divide by zero. For the remainder operator, both operands must be integers.
**
This is the exponentiation operator (not in ISO C). Both arguments are coerced to numbers (either both integers or both reals). An
error occurs if this cannot be done, such as attempting to raise to a negative power.
> 2**10
1024
+, -, not, !, ~, ++VAR, --VAR, (type)
The + and - operators are the (unary) arithmetic plus and minus operators, respectively. These may precede an arithmetic-valued
expression. Both arguments are coerced to numbers. An error occurs if this cannot be done.
The logical NOT operator (not, or equivalently, !) yields a result of zero when applied to a non-zero numeric value and non-zero when
applied to an operand of zero. The result of applying this operator to a non-empty string is zero and it is non-zero when applied to an
empty string string. These two tokens are synonymous.
The ~ operator is the one's complement (bitwise not) unary operator.
The ++VAR and --VAR operators are the prefix increment and decrement operators, respectively. These operators are followed by a
variable reference. The variable must have an integer value.
> ${foo} = 17, ++${foo}
18
An explicit type conversion can be forced by using a cast. The syntax for this type coercion is:
(type) expression
The type must be a recognized data type name: integer or int (for an integer), real or double (for a real), bool (for a boolean value
as a long integer), string (for a character string), bstring or binary (for a binary string), list, alist, or void.
A list can be cast to an alist, provided it has no elements or an even number of elements and if no key would appear more than once in
the alist. A namespace can be cast to an alist; the operand specifies the namespace, either as a literal or a string. An alist can be
cast to an list; the ordering of the pairs in the resulting list is unspecified. A void type can only be cast to void, which is a
no-op. Here are some examples:
> (int) 3.4
3
> (int) "3.6"
3
> (bool) 17
1
> (bool) ""
0
> (string) (4 * 3)
"12"
> ${x} = "17"; (int) ((real) ${x} + (bool) 1965)
18
> (bstring) "abc"
"abc"
> (bstring) 4.4
"4.400000"
> (bstring) " 12"
""
> bstring(" 12",3) . bstring("34", 3)
"0001020304"
> (void) ($b=$x)
>
> (alist) [a, 1, "b", 2, 3, 3]
{"a", 1, "b", 2, "3", 3}
> (list) { red, first, blue, second, white, third }
["blue", "second", "white", "third", "red", "first"]
> $env = (alist) Env; $env["HOME"]
"/home/bobo"
> $env{HOME}
{"HOME","/home/bobo"}
VAR++, VAR--, primary
The VAR++ and VAR-- operators are the postfix increment and decrement operators, respectively. These operators are preceded by a
variable reference. The variable must have an integer value.
A primary is a basic data type[20] (i.e., an integer or real number, string, bareword, or binary string), or a variable reference[21].
Functions
A function call is written as a function name, optionally followed by whitespace, a left parenthesis, zero or more comma-separated
arguments, and a right parenthesis. A function name begins with either an alphabetic character or an underscore, followed by any number of
alphanumerics and underscores. Additionally, a pair of colons may appear exactly once within the name (except at the beginning or end of
the name). The number of arguments and their expected types depends on the particular function being called. The order in which the
arguments to a function are evaluated is undefined. There is no mechanism for creating user-defined functions yet (they will eventually be
available on some platforms through dynamically linked libraries).
The result of a function call is one of the supported data types[20], or an error. An invalid function call, including those that fail
during execution, yields a False result.
Function Index:
o ack: notice acknowledgement processing
o alist: create an alist
o alistref: create an alist reference
o bstring: convert a string to binary
o contains_any: count elements common to two lists
o counter: persistent integer counters
o dacs_admin: test if user is an administrator
o dacs_approval: create or test a signed authorization
o dacs_meta: get or update metadata
o dacsauth: perform authentication tests
o dacscheck: perform authorization tests
o debug: control debugging output
o decode: convert from a text representation
o digest: cryptographic hash functions
o encode: convert to a text representation
o eval: evaluate a string
o exec: execute a program
o exit: terminate current evaluation
o expand: variable interpolation
o file: perform an operation on a file
o file_group: test if user is associated with file's group
o file_owner: test if user is associated with file's owner
o from: test where the current request comes from
o get: read the contents of a file or VFS object
o hash: fast hashes
o hmac: secure keyed-hashes
o http: invoke an HTTP request
o index: search a string or list
o info: information about namespaces and variables
o keysof: extract keys from an alist
o ldap: extract a component from an LDAP name
o length: string length
o list: create a list
o listref: dereference a list
o on_success: evaluate an expression if authentication or authorization succeeds
o password: compute or check a password hash
o pathname: filename-based string interpolation
o pbkdf2: password-based key derivation
o print: display a string
o printf: display a formatted string
o random: generate random values
o redirect: redirect user after access is denied
o regmatch: string matching
o regsub: string substitution
o request_match: compare the current request to a URI
o return: terminate current evaluation
o rule: recursive authorization checking
o setvar: operations on namespaces
o sizeof: basic data type sizes
o sleep: suspend execution temporarily
o source: read and evaluate external expressions
o sprintf: format a string
o strchars: select characters from a string
o strftime: format the current date and time
o strptime: parse a date and time
o strrstr: locate the last instance of a substring
o strstr: locate the first instance of a substring
o strtolower: map uppercase to lowercase
o strtoupper: map lowercase to uppercase
o strtr: character transliteration
o subset: test if one set is a subset of another
o substr: extract a substring
o syntax: perform a syntax check on a string
o time: local time and date
o transform: filter text through rule-based transformations
o transform_config: set options for transform
o trim: delete trailing characters
o typeof: get or test data type
o undef: an undefined value
o user: test current user's identity
o ustamp: generate a unique stamp
o valuesof: extract values from an alist
o var: operations on individual variables
o vfs: perform a VFS operation
ack(notice-uri[, ...][, EXACT_MATCH | ALL_MATCH])
This function is associated with notice acknowledgement processing. The function indicates that the current service request has one or
more notices associated with it (identified by a sequence of notice-uri arguments), each one represented by a URI that will return the
text of a notice that must be acknowledged by the user. Following the last URI is an optional mode argument. The EXACT_MATCH mode is
the default mode and requires a single acknowledgement to address all of the specified notices. The ALL_MATCH argument specifies a less
stringent matching mode and requires any set of acknowledgements to collectively address all of the specified notices. See
dacs_notices(8)[22].
alist([key, value [, ...])
This function is equivalent to the alist construction operator[23]. There must be an even number of arguments, or no arguments. If the
first argument of each pair (the key) is not a string or literal, it will be converted to a string, if possible.
alist(cars, 2, bikes, 5)
is equivalent to the expression:
{"cars", 2, "bikes", 5}
And the call:
alist(2, xx, [0, 1], yy)
yields:
{"2", xx, "[0,1]", yy}
alistref(list)
This function creates a new list that is equivalent to that of the special "brace syntax" subscript used to dereference an alist. This
is currently useful only in conjunction with listref()[24].
listref({"a", 1, "b", 2, "c", 3}, alistref(["b"]))
is equivalent to the expression:
{"a", 1, "b", 2, "c", 3}{"b"}
the value of which is:
{"b", 2}
bstring(string, length)
This function converts the first length characters of string (which may also be a bstring and which is converted to a string if
necessary) into the binary type. The length argument may be less than the actual length of string; if it is zero, then actual length is
computed, and if length is greater than the actual length, the actual length is used. The implicit null character on the end of string
is not considered part of it.
> bstring(" 12", 4)
"000102"
> bstring(" 12", 2)
"0001"
contains_any(format, test-set, target-set[, nocase])
This function returns a count of the number of elements of test-set that appear in target-set at least once. Duplicate elements may
appear in test-set and are considered to be distinct. The format indicates how to parse the set arguments. It can be the space, tab, or
newline character, or any punctuation character. For both sets, it is currently interpreted as the character that separates elements.
If the optional nocase literal argument is given, then set elements are compared case-insensitively. The greatest possible return value
is the number of distinct elements in the third parameter.
contains_any(",", ${Args::LAYERS:i}, "Nests,Secret_roads,Heritage")
contains_any(",", "a,a,b,z", "a,a,a,b,b,b,a,z,z")
The first expression returns 3 if every element in the third parameter appears at least once (case insensitive) in the second
parameter, otherwise the value of the expression is 0. The second expression returns 4.
counter(op, vfs-ref, counter_name [,value])
This function is used to manage persistent integer counters, which can be useful for a variety of purposes, such as counting the number
of logins for a particular identity, limiting the number of logins, or restricting the number of times a resource can be accessed.
Internally, counter values are integers[20].
The first argument specifies an operation and is case-insensitive. The second argument identifies a filestore (typically a file or
database). It must be an indexed filestore scheme, such as dacs-kwv-fs or dacs-db (see VFS[25]). The third argument is the name of the
counter, which acts as a key. The meaning of the fourth argument depends on the operation, but if present it must be an integer.
Note
The current implementation has a limitation; a counter name (key) can be any printable string but cannot contain a space character.
You can work around this limitation by encoding all keys every time they are used in a filestore operation.
1. counter(set, vfs-ref, counter_name, new-value)
This is used to create a new counter or reset an existing counter. The counter's value will be new-value, which must be an integer,
and is the return value.
2. counter(create, vfs-ref, counter_name, initial-value)
This is used to create a new counter if it does not already exist. The new counter's value will be initial-value, which must be an
integer. If the counter exists, its value will not be changed and is returned.
3. counter(del[ete], vfs-ref, counter_name)
This operation deletes an existing counter. The operation can be del or delete.
4. counter(exists, vfs-ref, counter_name)
This operation returns 1 if a counter exists, 0 otherwise.
5. counter(get, vfs-ref, counter_name)
This operation returns the current counter value.
6. counter(inc|dec, vfs-ref, counter_name[, amount])
This operation increments or decrements an existing counter by amount, which must be an integer. If amount is not given, 1 is used.
The updated counter value is returned.
7. counter(decdel, vfs-ref, counter_name[, amount])
This operation decrements an existing counter by amount, which must be an integer. If amount is not given, 1 is used. If the
resulting value is zero or negative, the counter is deleted and zero is returned. If the counter is not deleted, its updated value
is returned.
8. counter(list, vfs-ref)
This operation returns a list of counters as a string, newline separated, each with its current value.
Operations that set or change the counter value return the new value.
For filestores that support locking, read-only operations obtain a shared lock while the other operations obtain an exclusive lock.
It is an error to reference a counter that does not exist unless the operation is set or exists.
Note
To some extent, this function is a poor substitute for a more general Perl-like tie() function. Such a function is being
considered.
Modifications to counters are not atomic. Amongst other things, this means that a crash may cause counter updates to be lost.
A counter would typically be created by running dacsexpr(1)[1]:
% dacsexpr -e 'counter(set, "dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/counters/logins", "EXAMPLE::EX:bob", 1)'
The counter's value might then be tested in the revocation list[26] or by an access control rule[27], for instance:
counter(exists, "dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/counters/logins", ${DACS::IDENTITY})
The counter might be conditionally updated using the on_success()[28] function, or the AUTH_SUCCESS[29] or ACS_SUCCESS[30] directives,
using an expression like:
counter(decdel, "dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/counters/logins", ${DACS::IDENTITY})
dacs_admin()
This predicate returns True if the user making a service request has any credentials that match any specified by the ADMIN_IDENTITY[31]
configuration directive.
dacs_approval(op[, ...])
This function is used to create an approval stamp[32] or inspect or validate one.
The following operations are available:
dacs_approval(approval, dacs64-approval-message, namespace)
This operation parses the dacs64-approval-message (the value of DACS_APPROVAL), setting variables in namespace, after first dacs64
decoding[33] the argument. If namespace exists, its contents are deleted. Variables set are: j (jurisdiction name), h (hash/digest
name), s (stamp), u (URI), m (HTTP method), and i (user identity). See dacs_acs(8)[32]. The signature is not checked. The function
returns True (1) if the approval message is syntactically correct, otherwise False (0).
dacs_approval(check, dacs64-approval-message)
The dacs64-approval-message is decoded and parsed, and the signature is validated. The function returns True (1) only if the
signature is correct, otherwise False (0).
In the current implementation, the signature can only be validated by the jurisdiction that signed the message. This deficiency
will be addressed in a future release and a web service will also supply this functionality. Ideally, for maximum convenience,
availability, efficiency, and simplicity, the recipient of an approval message should be able to validate it directly if it has the
appropriate public key, invoke a web service at any jurisdiction in the federation if public keys are distributed and kept current,
or at the jurisdiction that signed the message.
dacs_approval(create, uri, method, ident, digest-name)
Create and return a dacs64-approval-message (as described above and in dacs_acs(8)[32]), formed from the given arguments and signed
by the current jurisdiction.
dacs_meta(op[, ...])
This function returns information associated with the current federation, current jurisdiction, or other jurisdictions in the current
federation. See dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)[34] for additional information.
The following operations are available:
dacs_meta(federation, namespace)
Return metadata for the current federation, setting variables in namespace. If namespace exists, its contents are deleted.
Variables set are: federation, domain, fed_id (if available), and fed_public_key (if available, in PEM format).
dacs_meta(jname, jurisdiction-name, namespace)
Return metadata for the jurisdiction named jurisdiction-name in the current federation. If namespace exists, its contents are
deleted. Variables set are: jname, name, alt_name, dacs_url, authenticates, prompts, auxiliary (if available), and public_key (if
available, in PEM format).
dacs_meta(jurisdiction, namespace)
This is equivalent to the jname operation with jurisdiction_name set to the name of the current jurisdiction.
dacs_meta(list_jurisdictions)
Return a newline-separated list of all jurisdiction names in the current federation. A local copy of the metadata is used.
dacs_meta(update_jurisdiction, jname [,url])
Not implemented. Intended to update the local metadata for the jurisdiction name jname. If url is absent, then the current
jurisdiction must already have the correct dacs_url attribute in its entry for jname. If url is given, it is assumed to be the URL
for dacs_list_jurisdictions and it is used instead of one formed from dacs_url for the jurisdiction.
dacs_meta(update_jurisdictions, jname)
Not implemented. Intended to update the local metadata for all of the jurisdictions. If jname looks like a URL (i.e., it begins
with either "http" or "https", then it is assumed to be the URL for dacs_list_jurisdictions and it is used to obtain a fresh copy
of the metadata; otherwise, jname is assumed to be a jurisdiction name for which the current jurisdiction already has a correct
dacs_url attribute and metadata is retrieved from that jurisdiction.
dacsauth(dacsauth-flags)
dacsauth(arg1, arg2[, ...])
This function provides an interface to dacsauth(1)[35]. In the first usage, the single string argument is parsed into space or tab
separated flags. Single or double quotes are allowed. In the second usage, each flag is a separate string or literal argument and is
not parsed.
An alist is returned that has the following three elements:
result
An integer: 1 if authentication succeeded, 0 if it failed or was not requested, and -1 if an error occured.
identity
A string: if authentication was requested and succeeded, this is the corresponding identity, otherwise it is the empty string.
roles
A string: if roles were requested (and authentication succeeded, if requested), this is the role descriptor string, otherwise it is
the empty string.
Important
This function should be considered experimental. Use it with caution. In version 1.4.25 and earlier, this function returned an
integer value (the result).
Security
Like dacsauth and dacs_authenticate, if a built-in module is used to perform authentication, this function must be run by a setuid
or setgid process to obtain sufficient privileges to access the required files; this is true for Unix password authentication, for
example.
Examples: .sp .if n .RS 4 . .nf > dacsauth("-m unix suff -user bobo -p apassword") {"result",0,"identity","","roles",""} >
dacsauth("-m", "unix", "suff", "-user", "bobo", "-p", "bpassword") {"result",1,"identity","EXAMPLE::FEDROOT:bobo","roles",""} >
dacsauth("-r unix -DVFS='[federation_keys]dacs-fs:/usr/local/dacs/federations/federation_keys' -u bobo")
{"result",0,"identity","","roles","bobo,wheel,www,users"} .fi .if n .RE . .sp
dacscheck(dacscheck-flags)
dacscheck(arg1, arg2[, ...])
This function provides an interface to dacscheck(1)[36], returning 1 if access is granted, 0 if access is denied, and -1 if an error
occurs. In the first usage, the single string argument is parsed into space or tab separated flags. Single or double quotes are
allowed. In the second usage, each flag is a separate string or literal argument and is not parsed.
Important
This function should be considered experimental. Use it with caution.
debug(type, value)
This function enables, disables, or adjusts the amount of debugging output produced by the interpreter. Output type type is set to
value, which may be "on", "off", or a non-negative integer level (the meaning of which depends on type.
The following type names are recognized: TBD
decode(encoding-type, string)
This function performs the inverse of encode()[37] for the same encoding-type. The result is a bstring. The function will fail if its
argument is not properly encoded.
For the hex encoding type, alphabetic characters may be upper case or lower case.
digest(msg, msg-len [, digest-name])
This function computes a cryptographic hash[38] of msg (a string or bstring). The msg-len is the length of msg in bytes; if it is 0,
its length is computed. The hash algorithm can be any function provided by OpenSSL and may be specified as digest-name, case
insensitively, otherwise SHA1 is used. The list of available digest algorithms is subject to change, but is likely to include md5, sha,
sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, and sha512. The function value is a bstring. If cryptographic strength is not required, see hash()[39].
> digest("foo", 0, "md5")
"acbd18db4cc2f85cedef654fccc4a4d8"
> digest("Hello, world", 0, "SHA256")
"4ae7c3b6ac0beff671efa8cf57386151c06e58ca53a78d83f36107316cec125f"
encode(encoding-type, arg)
This function converts arg, a string or bstring, into a printable text representation that depends on encoding-type. Applying
decode()[40] with the same encoding-type to the output of this function will produce a value equivalent to the original arg. The result
is a string.
Note that encoding is only a representational or formatting change. If secrecy, authentication, or verification of integrity are
required, use a cryptographic method.
The following encoding types are recognized:
encode(ascii85, arg)
This encoding, also known as radix-85[41], uses nearly every printable character to obtain a compact encoding. But note that the
resulting strings may be problematic in many contexts without additional encoding, which can largely defeat the reason for
selecting this encoding in the first place. The start-of-data ("<~") and end-of-data ("~>") indicators that are sometimes used with
this encoding are not included.
> encode(ascii85, decode(hex, "123456789a"))
"&i<X6RK"
encode(cescape, arg)
This encoding converts its argument into a C-style escaped string. Character escape codes are used when possible, numeric escape
codes are used for other non-printable characters, and all other characters map to themselves.
> encode(cescape, bstring("hi 123 12", 7))
"hi 01 02 03
"
encode(dacs64, arg)
This encoding type produces a base-64 encoding of arg using upper- and lower-case alphabetics, digits, '-', and '_'. It is similar
to the mime encoding except that '-' and '_' are used in the encoding character set instead of '+' and '/'. This encoding is better
suited for use in paths and URIs, for example, and is used extensively within DACS. It is sometimes referred to as "the dacs64
encoding" or just "dacs64" in the DACS documentation.
> encode(dacs64, bstring(" 1", 4))
"_____-"
encode(hex, arg)
This encoding converts each byte in arg into a hexadecimal character pair.
> encode(hex, "Hello")
"48656c6c6f"
encode(mime, arg)
This encoding applies the MIME base-64 encoding function (RFC 2045[42], Section 6.8) to its argument and returns the result.
> encode(mime, bstring(" 1", 4))
"AAAAAQ=="
encode(url, arg)
This returns the URL-encoding of the argument (RFC 1738[43], RFC 2396[44] (Section 2.4), and RFC 3986[45]).
> encode(url, bstring("a b", 3))
"a%00b"
eval(expression)
This function evaluates its string argument and returns the result.
The call:
> eval("length("abc")")
3
exec(prog, ...)
The exec function executes prog, waits (indefinitely) for it to terminate, and returns the program's standard output. A trailing
newline in the output is deleted. Optionally, command line arguments to prog may be given; they are automatically converted to strings.
By default, no environment variables are passed to the program; if the namespace ExecEnv exists, however, its contents are used as the
executed program's environment variables. The exit status of prog is made available as the value of ${DACS::status}. The program is
executed using the execv(3)[46] function, not a command shell.
On POSIX systems, this call returns the string "1
" on Thursdays, "0
" on any other day:
> exec("/bin/sh", "-c", "date | grep -c ^Thu")
"0"
> ${ExecEnv::PATH} = "/usr/bin";
"/usr/bin"
> exec("/bin/sh", "-c", "printenv");
"PATH=/usr/bin"
Security
The program is executed as the same user and group IDs as the DACS program that calls exec(). Take appropriate precautions to
prevent unauthorized users from modifying or replacing DACS configuration files, access control rules, and so on.
exit(result)
Equivalent to return, this function causes evaluation of the expression, block, or program being evaluated to terminate and returns
result as the value of the expression or the program's exit status.
expand(string)
The argument, a string, is returned with variable references expanded. An undefined variable expands to the empty string.
> ${a} = 17
17
> "${a}"
"17"
> '${a}'
"${a}"
> expand('${a}')
"17"
> ${b} = 1999, ${c} = expand('${a}, ${b}')
"17, ${b}"
> expand(${c})
"17, 1999"
file(op [,arg-list])
This function performs various operations on files and filenames according to op, which is one of the following operation names,
followed by command-specific arguments. All arguments must either be strings or literal words.
1. file(basename, string [,suffix])
This is used to extract the last component of a pathname and is equivalent to the basename(1)[47] command. It deletes any prefix
that ends with the last slash character in string, after first stripping trailing slashes, and a suffix, if present. The suffix is
not stripped, however, if it is identical to the remaining characters in string. A non-existent suffix is ignored. The value is the
resulting string.
> file(basename,"/a/b/c")
"c"
> file(basename,"/a/b/c.c")
"c.c"
> file(basename,"/a/b/c.c", ".c")
"c"
> file(basename,"/a/b/c.c", "c")
"c."
> file(basename,"/a/b/c.c", "c.c")
"c.c"
> file(basename,"/a/b/c.c//", "c.c")
"c.c"
2. file(chmod, abs-mode, file)
Change the mode of file to abs-mode, which is an absolute (octal) file mode (note, however, that DACS always set the process umask
to 07).
file(chmod, "0755", "/usr/local/dacs/tmp/foofile")
3. file(dirname, string)
Equivalent to the dirname(1)[48] command, its value is the string that remains after deleting the filename portion of string (a
pathname), beginning with the last slash character to the end of string, after first stripping trailing slashes.
> file(dirname,"/usr/local/dacs/bin/dacsexpr")
"/usr/local/dacs/bin"
> file(dirname,"/usr/local/dacs///")
"/usr/local"
4. file(extension, pathname)
The returned value is all of the characters in pathname after and including the last dot in the last element. If there is no dot in
the last element of pathname, the value is the empty string.
> file(extension,"acl-myapp.0")
".0"
5. file(lstat, fmt, file)
This is like the stat[49] operation, except in the case where the named file is a symbolic link, in which case lstat returns
information about the link, while stat returns information about the file the link references.
6. file(mkdir, directory [,abs-mode])
Create directory. If an absolute (octal) mode is given, the new directory will have that mode (note, however, that DACS always set
the process umask to 07).
7. file(readlink, file)
If file is a symbolic link, print its contents.
8. file(remove, file)
Remove (delete) file.
9. file(rename, source-file, target-file)
Rename (mv) source-file to target-file.
10. file(rmdir, directory)
Remove (delete) directory, which must be empty.
11. file(stat, fmt, file)
Similar to the stat(1)[50] command available on some systems, this makes the functionality of the stat(2)[51] system call
available. The fmt argument is a printf(3)[52]-type descriptor that indicates what file status information is wanted and how it is
to be printed. Non-formatting characters, including
, , and \, are copied to the output verbatim.
The following format specifiers are understood:
o %d
The value of st_dev.
o %i
The value of st_ino.
o %m
The value of st_mode in octal.
o %M
The value of st_mode as text.
o %l
The value of st_nlink.
o %u
The value of st_uid in decimal.
o %U
The value of st_uid as text.
o %g
The value of st_gid in decimal.
o %G
The value of st_gid as text.
o %r
The value of st_rdev.
o %s
The value of st_size.
o %b
The value of st_blksize.
o %n
The value of the file argument.
o %N
If the argument is a symbolic link, print the contents of the link, otherwise print the file argument.
o %ta
The value of st_atime in decimal.
o %tA
The value of st_atime as text.
o %tm
The value of st_mtime in decimal.
o %tM
The value of st_mtime as text.
o %tc
The value of st_ctime in decimal.
o %tC
The value of st_ctime as text.
o %f
The name of the host (fileserver) where the file is stored.
o %%
A literal '%' character.
This excerpt from an access control rule limits access to authenticated users for every file greater than 999 bytes in length that
it DACS-wraps:
<allow>
user("auth")
</allow>
<allow>
user("any") and file(stat, "%s", ${DACS::FILENAME}) lt 1000
</allow>
12. file(test, op [, args])
Most of the file-testing predicates of the test(1)[53] command are available.
o -b file
True if file exists and is a block special file.
o -c file
True if file exists and is a character special file.
o -d file
True if file exists and is a directory.
o -e file
True if file exists, regardless of its type.
o -f file
True if file exists and is a regular file.
o -g file
True if file exists and its set group ID flag is set.
o -k file
True if file exists and its sticky bit is set.
o -p file
True if file exists and is a named pipe (FIFO).
o -r file
True if file exists and is readable (access(file, R_OK) == 0).
o -s file
True if file exists and has a size greater than zero bytes.
o -u file
True if file exists and its set user ID flag is set.
o -w file
True if file exists and is writable (access(file, W_OK) == 0).
o -x file
True if file exists and is executable (access(file, X_OK) == 0).
o -L file
True if file exists and is a symbolic link.
o -O file
True if file exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.
o -G file
True if file exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
o -S file
True if file exists and is a socket.
o -nt file1 file2
True if file1 and file2 exist and the former is newer than the latter.
o -ot file1 file2
True if file1 and file2 exist and the former is older than the latter.
o -ef file1 file2
True if file1 and file2 exist and refer to the same file.
13. file(touch, file [, abs-mode])
If file does not exist, it is created; if an absolute (octal) mode is given, the new file will have that mode (note, however, that
DACS always set the process umask to 07). If the file exists, its modification time will be set to the current date and time.
file_group([path])
Test if path (defaults to ${DACS::FILENAME}, which is equivalent to Apache's SCRIPT_FILENAME or REQUEST_FILENAME variables) has a group
ownership with which the user making the request is associated. This is effectively the same as:
file(test, "-e", ${DACS::FILENAME})
and
user("%" . ${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME} . ":"
. file(stat, "%G", ${DACS::FILENAME}))
This predicate provides a simple way of limiting access to a file to its group membership with respect to file system permissions:
<allow>
file_group()
</allow>
For example, if the user requesting access has been assigned the following roles by the current jurisdiction (e.g., through
local_unix_roles):
wheel,www,users
and the resource being requested is the file:
-rw-r--r-- 1 bobo www 75 Apr 11 12:41 htdocs/foo.html
then this predicate would return True because the file has group ownership www and the user is associated with that role.
There is an implicit assumption that the file in question is associated with the current jurisdiction; this might be problematic if
more than one jurisdiction can claim this association.
file_owner([path])
Test if path (defaults to ${DACS::FILENAME}, which is equivalent to Apache's SCRIPT_FILENAME or REQUEST_FILENAME variables) is owned by
the user making the request. This is effectively the same as:
file(test, "-e", ${DACS::FILENAME})
and
user(${Conf::JURISDICTION_NAME} . ":" . file(stat, "%U", ${DACS::FILENAME}))
This predicate provides a simple way of limiting access to a file to its owner with respect to file system permissions:
<allow>
file_owner()
</allow>
There is an implicit assumption that the file in question is associated with the current jurisdiction; this might be problematic if
more than one jurisdiction can claim this association.
from(string)
This predicate is used to test where a request comes from, based on the values of REMOTE_ADDR and REMOTE_HOST. These environment
variables are passed to DACS from Apache. The supported argument types are similar to those recognized by the Apache mod_access[54]
module's allow and deny directives. If either REMOTE_HOST or REMOTE_ADDR are needed to evaluate the argument but are not available, the
result will be False.
The string argument may be:
1. a full or partially matching domain name:
from("metalogic.example.com")
Here, the function yields True if the given domain name matches REMOTE_HOST or is a subdomain of REMOTE_HOST. Case-insensitive
matching is performed (RFC 1035[55]). Only complete components are matched, so the above example will match
foo.metalogic.example.com but not foonmetalogic.example.com. If REMOTE_ADDR is available but not REMOTE_HOST, a reverse DNS lookup
will be performed on the domain name and all IP addresses that result will be tested against REMOTE_ADDR; if this lookup results in
an error (i.e., it fails), then the function raises an error condition.
2. a full IPv4 address in standard dot notation:
from("10.0.0.123")
3. a partial IPv4 address (the first one, two, or three bytes) in standard dot notation:
from("10.0")
4. a network/netmask pair:
from("10.0.0.0/255.255.0.0")
5. a network/nnn pair using CIDR notation[56] (RFC 1338[57]):
from("10.0.0.0/8")
6. a full or partial IPv4 address in standard dot notation where any address element can be a decimal number (0 through 255) or a
range specification[58], similar to that used with strchars()[15]; note that the range separator in this context is ":" instead of
"..": :
from("10.0.[0:100,255]")
In the example above, the two high-order octets of ${DACS::REMOTE_ADDR} must be 10 and 0, the value of the next octet must be
between 0 and 100 (inclusive) or be 255 (decimal), and the value of the fourth octet is unimportant. The following expressions are
equivalent:
from("10")
from("10.")
from("[10]")
from("[10].")
from("10.0.0.0/8")
from("10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0")
7. "all" (always yields True and is included for compatibility with Apache):
from("all")
An alternative method is to perform a regular expression match against ${DACS::REMOTE_ADDR} using regmatch()[59].
Tip
To test where a client authenticated from, which is not necessarily the same as the place from which a request is sent, use the
user()[60] function.
get(vfs-ref [,key])
The file or item specified by vfs-ref, which may be followed by a key if it is an indexed filestore, is read and returned. The vfs-ref
may be an absolute pathname, an item type, or a vfs_uri[61], except if called from a standalone application without a key argument, in
which case vfs-ref may also be a relative pathname.
Note
A proper I/O subsystem does not exist yet, but until then you may use the special item type stdin to read the standard input until
end of file. This function will probably not work if a special file is used (e.g., /dev/stdin).
hash(msg, msg-len [,hash-name])
This function computes a fast hash of msg, a string or bstring. The msg-len is the length of msg in bytes; if it is 0, its length is
computed. The hash-name can be the 32-bit hash "hash32" (the default) or the 64-bit hash "hash64". The result is a string. Although the
algorithms have been used extensively with very good results, they should not be used for cryptographic purposes; see digest()[62].
> hash("Hello, world", 0)
"3696529580"
> hash("Hello, world", 0, hash64)
"462009511995194717"
hmac(msg, msg-len, key, key-len [, digest-name])
This function computes a cryptographic message authentication code[63] - specifically, the Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code
(HMAC)[64] - of msg (a string or bstring), using key (a string or bstring). The msg-len is the length of msg in bytes; if it is 0, its
length is computed. Similarly, key-len is the length of key in bytes and if it is 0, its length is computed. Any of the available
Secure Hash Standard functions[65], as well as MD5 (RFC 2104)[66], may be specified as digest-name (case insensitively), otherwise SHA1
is used. The list of available digest algorithms is subject to change, but is likely to include md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, and
sha512. The function value is a bstring. Note that the function is not commutative; the key is the third argument, not the first.
Although the MD5 hash function is deprecated for some purposes, it is still considered adequate in some applications and is required by
many older protocols that are still in widespread use.
> hmac("Sample #2", 0,
decode(hex, "303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f40414243"), 0)
"0922d3405faa3d194f82a45830737d5cc6c75d24"
http(url, [method [,arglist]])
This function sends an HTTP request to url, using a given method (GET, POST, HEAD, PUT, DELETE, or OPTIONS, case insensitively), and
optionally passing parameters. If no method is given (and no arguments), GET is assumed. The value of the function is the message
returned by the request. The url is in the usual syntax and must use either the http or https scheme (case insensitive). The argument
list, if present, consists of some number of pairs, the first being the name of the parameter and the second the value of the
parameter.
The first statement sends an HTTP request to example.com and sets the variable to the message body (if any) that is returned. The
second statement makes a GET request to port 8443 of example.com over SSL, passing it two parameters, FOO=17 and FOO=2:
> ${x} = http("http://example.com")
> http("https://example.com:8443/cgi-bin/dacs_prenv.cgi", "GET", "FOO", 17,
"BAZ", 1+1)
index(string, character-class [, nocase])
index(list, search_operand [, nocase])
If the first argument is a string, this function returns the first position in string (counting from 1) where the first character in
character-class was found, or 0. Case-sensitive character comparison is used unless the optional nocase literal argument is present.
If the first argument is a list, the position of element search_operand (counting from 1) in list is returned, or 0 if it is not found.
During comparison, types are automatically converted as necessary. Case-sensitive character comparison is used unless the optional
nocase literal argument is present.
Examples:
> index("abcdef", "abc")
1
> index("abcdef", "e")
5
> index("zzz", "abc")
0
> index([a, b, c, d, e], d)
4
> index(["hello", world, 2009, qUAKe], "quake", nocase)
4
> index([1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.0, 6.6], "1")
1
> index(["apple", ["orange", "banana"], ["peach", "mango"]], "orange")
0
> index(["apple", ["orange", "banana"], ["peach", "mango"]], ["orange", "banana"])
2
info(namespaces)
info(namespace, namespace-name)
Return a string containing information about variables and namespaces. The first form returns a comma-separated list of known
namespaces. The second form returns a list containing all variables in the given namespace and their values, one per line. This can be
useful for debugging.
Examples:
info(namespaces)
info(namespace, "Conf")
keysof(alist)
If its argument is a single pair, the pair's key is returned. If there is more than one pair in the argument, a list of keys is
returned. To get the value component of a pair or set of pairs, use valuesof()[18].
Examples:
> keysof({red, 17})
"red"
> keysof({red, 17, blue, 100})
["red", "blue"]
ldap(dn_length, dn-string)
ldap(dn_index, dn-string, nth)
ldap(rdn_length, rdn-string)
ldap(rdn_index, rdn-string, nth)
ldap(rdn_attrtype, rdn-string [, nth])
ldap(rdn_attrvalue, rdn-string [, nth])
The ldap function is used to extract components of LDAP names. Its first argument, a literal, determines the operation mode to be used
and the semantics of the following arguments. Distinguished Name (DN) and Relative Distinguished Name (RDN) strings are as defined in
RFC 2253[67].
The dn_length mode returns the number of RDN components in its DN argument; -1 is returned if the argument is not a valid DN. The
dn_index mode returns the nth RDN component of the DN, where nth is an integer greater than zero. If nth is greater than the number of
components, the last component is returned.
The rdn_length mode returns the number of AttributeTypeAndValue elements in its RDN argument; -1 is returned if the argument is not a
valid RDN. The rdn_index mode returns the nth AttributeTypeAndValue component of the RDN, where nth is an integer greater than zero. If
nth is greater than the number of components, the last component is returned.
The rdn_attrtype mode returns the AttributeType of the nth AttributeTypeAndValue component of the RDN, where nth is an integer greater
than zero. If nth is missing, it is taken to be 1. If nth is greater than the number of components, the last component is selected. The
rdn_attrvalue mode is similar except that it returns the AttributeValue.
The first and second expressions below return 2, the third expression returns Administrator:
ldap(dn_length, "dc=example,dc=com")
ldap(rdn_length, "foo=bar+bar=baz")
ldap(rdn_attrvalue, ldap(dn_index,
"CN=Administrator,CN=Users,DC=example,DC=com", 1))
length(string)
length(bstring)
length(list)
length(alist)
This function returns the length, in characters, of string, the number of bytes in binary string bstring, the number of elements in
list, or the number of pairs in alist.
list([value [, ...])
This function is equivalent to the list construction operator[68].
list(1, 2, [hello, world], 5)
is equivalent to the expression:
[1, 2, [hello, world], 5]
listref(list, list-ref [, ...])
This function provides an alternate syntax to the language's list/array notation. For example, the function call:
listref([1, 2, [3, 4], 5], 2, 1)
is equivalent to the expression:
[1, 2, [3, 4], 5][2][1]
Note that a list reference may follow a list-valued expression (e.g., a list constructor, a list-valued variable, a function that
returns a list) this syntax is valid:
($a . $b)[0]
The parentheses are necessary here because the subscript binds more tightly than the concatenation operator. This expression can also
be written as:
listref($a . $b, 0)
on_success(list-name [, expr])
The list-name argument must be either acs or auth (case insensitive) to select the post-authorization list or the post-authentication
list, respectively. For the former case, if authorization is successful, the expr argument (a string) will be evaluated by dacs_acs
immediately after any ACS_SUCCESS[30] directive, and just prior to program termination. These expressions are not evaluated if
authorization is denied, an authorization processing error occurs, or a DACS_ACS argument prevents execution of the request. For the
latter case, if authentication is successful, the expr argument (a string) will be evaluated by dacs_authenticate(8)[8] immediately
after any AUTH_SUCCESS[29] directive, and just prior to program termination. These expressions are not evaluated if authentication
fails or an authentication processing error occurs.
Once added to either list, an entry cannot be removed. The expressions are evaluated in the order in which on_success() was called. The
values returned by the expressions are discarded and errors are ignored.
If no expr is given, the current list of expressions is returned, one per line, in order of evaluation. With an expression argument, it
returns the number of expressions in the list after any addition.
password(op [, op-args])
This function performs a variety of read-only operations on DACS accounts and their passwords. See dacspasswd(1)[69] and directives
PASSWORD_DIGEST[70] and PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX[71] for additional information.
The following operations are available:
password(check, given-password, password-digest [,alg-name])
With the check operation, the digest of given-password is computed (as computed by the hash operation) and compared to
password-digest, which was previously generated by the hash operation of this function, retrieved by the getdigest operation, or
obtained using dacspasswd. This algorithm is identical to the one used by local_passwd_authenticate[72] to validate passwords. If
alg-name is given, it names the digest algorithm to use instead of the one specified within password-digest. If given-password is
correct (i.e., the same passwords were used to generate the two digest values), True (1) is returned, otherwise False (0) is
returned.
password(getdata, username [,vfs-ref])
The getdata operation returns the private data associated with the account for username. The result is a bstring. If there is no
private data, the length of the result will be zero (the length of the empty string is one). If a vfs-ref is given, it identifies
the virtual filestore to use, otherwise the item type passwds is used. It is an error if the account does not exist, so a test
operation will often be performed first.
password(getdigest, username [,vfs-ref])
The getdigest operation is similar to getdata except that the digest string for the account is returned; this digest string can be
used with the check operation.
password(hash, plain-password [,alg-name])
With the hash operation, a digest of the string plain-password is returned as a printable string. The password hashing algorithm is
identical to the one used by dacspasswd(1)[69]. If alg-name is given (see digest()[62]), it names the digest algorithm to use
instead of the configured default.
password(list [, vfs-ref])
The list operation returns a list of account names, one per line. An empty string is returned if there are no accounts. If a
vfs-ref is given, it identifies the virtual filestore to use, otherwise the item type passwds is used. To test if a password file
exists, use vfs()[73].
password(syntax, password [,constraints])
The syntax operation tests if password satisfies the constraints argument, if provided, otherwise the value of the
PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS[74] directive. The constraints are specified in the same syntax as the PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS directive. The
function returns True (1) if the constraints are satisfied, otherwise False (0).
password(test, test-op, username [,vfs-ref])
The test operation applies test-op to the account entry for username in the virtual filestore vfs-ref (or item type passwds). It is
an error if the password file does not exist or is unreadable. It returns True if the test is successful, otherwise the result is
False. The recognized values of test-op are (case insensitively): data (to test if the account exists and has private data),
disabled (to test if the account exists and is disabled), enabled (to test if the account exists and is enabled), or exists (to
test if the account exists).
Examples:
> password(hash, "bobo")
"2|XYZZYxBhU/7VgJAt2lc.G|HL4RQ2vo0uNoXlXnv.GcY3Vlf9."
> password(check, "bobo", "2|XYZZYxBhU/7VgJAt2lc.G|HL4RQ2vo0uNoXlXnv.GcY3Vlf9.")
1
pathname(path, hostname, port)
Perform string interpolation on path based on the other arguments. For details, please see dacs.conf(5)[75] (where hostname is
SERVER_NAME).
pbkdf2(password, salt, count, dklen)
Apply a pseudorandom function (HMAC-SHA-1) to password and salt (both binary strings, or converted as required), modified by count
iterations, returning a binary string of length dklen bytes. For details, please see RFC 2898[76] and RFC 3962[77].
> pbkdf2("password", "ATHENA.MIT.EDUraeburn", 1200, 32)
"5c08eb61fdf71e4e4ec3cf6ba1f5512ba7e52ddbc5e5142f708a31e2e62b1e13"
> pbkdf2("password", decode(hex,"1234567878563412"), 5, 16)
"d1daa78615f287e6a1c8b120d7062a49"
print(...)
Each argument is converted to a string, the strings are concatenated, a newline is appended, and the result is printed. The return type
is void. If called from dacsexpr(1)[1], the string is printed to the standard output; otherwise, it is printed to the DACS log file (or
stderr), which can be useful for debugging purposes. These log messages are associated with the user class (see the LOG_FILTER[78]
directive).
printf(fmt, ...)
This is a slightly scaled-down version of the printf(3)[52] library function. If called from dacsexpr(1)[1], the string is printed to
the standard output; otherwise, it is printed to the DACS log file (or stderr), which can be useful for debugging purposes. These log
messages are associated with the user class (see the LOG_FILTER[78] directive). This can be useful for debugging purposes. If necessary
and possible, arguments are converted to the type requested by a formatting specification. The return type is void.
random(bytes, nbytes)
random(uint, lo, hi)
random(string, nbytes [, spec])
random(stringc, nbytes, spec)
The various forms of this function, distinguished by the first argument, return cryptographically strong pseudo-random values[79] in
various formats. The starting point (seed value) for the pseudo-random sequence cannot be set, meaning that the sequence cannot be
(intentionally) reproduced.
The bytes operation requests nbytes bytes of random material. The result is a bstring of that length.
The uint operation requests an unsigned random integer between lo and hi (both unsigned integers), inclusive. It is an error if lo is
not greater than hi. The result is an (unsigned) integer.
The string operation requests nbytes of random material, returned as a hex-encoded string. If a spec argument is present, it uses the
character specification syntax of strtr()[80] to indicate the characters that can be used to encode the result. Only printable
characters, excluding the space, are allowed in the result, regardless of the spec argument. Example:
> random(string,12,"a-zA-Z0-9")
"LgROshy6SMMH"
> random(string,12,"a-z")
"kehhvwydhhbk"
The functionality of the stringc operation is identical to that of the three-argument instance of the string operation except that the
sense of the spec argument is complemented to indicate those characters that may not be used in the encoding of the result.
redirect(error-code, target)
redirect(target)
Permitted only within the context of an access control rule's deny clause, this function causes expression evaluation and rule
processing to stop immediately, access to be denied, and the client to be redirected to target, a URL that may contain a query
component. If the error-code is present, it must be an ACS error name or number (see the ACS_ERROR_HANDLER[81] directive), otherwise
"BY_REDIRECT" is used.
Note
The URL must be properly escaped if it appears within an XML document, such as an access control rule; for example, if an ampersand
occurs in the query component in a context where it must be escaped, it must appear as the five characters "&".
The target string is expected to have one of the syntaxes of the document component of Apache's ErrorDocument directive[82]. In
essence, this function causes an ACS_ERROR_HANDLER directive to be created and triggered. The function returns the target string,
although because of the function's run time behaviour the value cannot be used.
Tip
One application of this function is to create a short link, which is a relatively concise URL that acts as an "alias" for another,
usually much longer URL (here, the target). The short link is made public. It must be DACS-wrapped; the target does not need to be.
Any attempt to access the short link is denied by its rule, but the rule uses the redirect() function, probably with
BY_SIMPLE_REDIRECT as the error-code (see dacs.conf(5)[81]), to redirect the user agent to the target.
The following rule demonstrates how this can be done:
<acl_rule status="enabled">
<services>
<service url_pattern="/id/*"/>
</services>
<rule order="allow,deny">
<deny>
setvar(split, "X", ${Env::REQUEST_URI}, "/");
${x} = var(get, X, ${X::#} - 1);
redirect(BY_SIMPLE_REDIRECT, "https://example.com/docs/${x}.html");
</deny>
</rule>
</acl_rule>
With this rule in place, a request like:
https://example.com/id/17795821
would result in a redirect to this target:
https://example.com/docs/17795821.html
The target URL can depend on contextual elements, and it is straightforward to do things like make the target URL depend on the
time of day, identity of the user, and so on. The technique can also be used with Rlinks[83].
Because the rule associated with the short link can be changed at any time, this feature can be used to implement smart
permalinks[84].
regmatch(string, regex [, namespace] [, nocase])
This is a pattern matching function. The first two arguments are coerced to strings, with the second one taken to be the regular
expression, with a "^" (the start-of-string anchor) implicitly prepended. The string argument is then matched against the regular
expression, which may contain subexpressions enclosed between '(' and ')' (or '(' and ')'). If the match fails, the result is 0. If
the match succeeds there are several possibilities:
o if there are no subexpressions in regex, the result is an integer that is the number of characters matched.
o if there is at least one subexpression in regex but no namespace (a string argument) is given, the result is the substring of
string that was matched by the entire regular expression.
o if there is at least one subexpression in regex and a namespace argument is given, the result is an integer that is the number of
characters matched by the entire regular expression. The value of the first matching subexpression is assigned to the variable
named "1" in the namespace, the value of the second subexpression is assigned to a variable named "2" in the namespace, and so on
up to the ninth subexpression. The variable named "0" in the namespace is assigned the substring of string that was matched by the
entire regular expression. Following function evaluation in the context of ACL rule processing, namespace is accessible only within
the predicate, allow, or deny element in which it appears.
If the optional nocase literal argument is given, then matching is done case-insensitively. Only one parenthesized pair can be used.
IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") "extended" regular expressions are supported (regex(3)[85], re_format(7)[86]).
Examples:
> ${X} = "abfoo"
"abfoo"
> regmatch(${X}, ".*foo", nocase)
5
> regmatch("abcdefgzz", "(.*)g")
"abcdefg"
> regmatch("foo", "(bar)|(baz)|(foo)")
"foo"
> regmatch("abcdefgzz", "ab(.*)efg(.*)", "x")
9
> ${x::0}
"abcdefgzz"
> ${x::1}
"cd"
> ${x::2}
"zz"
> $addr = "192.168.7.3"
"192.168.7.3"
> regmatch($addr, "192\.168\.(.*)\..*", "X")
11
> ${X::1}
"7"
regsub(string, regex, replacement [,nocase] [,repeat])
This function matches regex against string, like regmatch()[59] does, and returns the string that results when the substitution
specified by replacement is applied to the matched text. This is similar to the ed/vi/sed command "s/regex/replacement/" applied to
string. If no match is found, the empty string is returned.
The optional repeat literal argument causes the replacement to be applied to all matches; i.e., like the ed/vi/sed command
"s/regex/replacement/g".
Examples:
> regsub("hello world", "world", "auggie")
"hello auggie"
> regsub("hello world", "auggie", "world")
""
> regsub("hello", ".*", "& &")
"hello hello"
> regsub("one two three", "(.*) (.*) (.*)", "${3} ${2} ${1}")
"three two one"
> regsub("one two three", "(.*) (.*) (.*)", '${3} ${2} ${1}')
"three two one"
> strtr(regsub("https://BOB.Example.com",
"([^:]*)://([^.]*)\.(.*)", '${1}-${2}@${3}'),
"A-Z", "a-z")
"https-bob@example.com"
> regsub("one, bone, cone, hone", "one", "two", repeat)
"two, btwo, ctwo, htwo"
request_match(uri-string)
This function is used to inspect the current request. The argument is either a valid URI or a path component that begins with a slash.
In the latter case, the scheme and authority components of the current request are effectively prepended to the given path. The path
component is like the url_pattern attribute used in access control rules[87] in that it can either specify an exact match or, by ending
in "/*", a wildcard match. A query component is allowed but ignored. The function returns 0 if uri-string does not match the current
request, otherwise it returns the number of path components of uri-string that match the current request. If the scheme and authority
components are given in uri-string, they count as one naming component.
Assuming that the current request is http://example.com:18123/a/b/c, we get:
> request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b/c")
4
> request_match("https://example.com:18123/a/b/c")
0
> request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b/c/d")
0
> request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b")
0
> request_match("http://example.com:18123/a/b/*")
4
> request_match("http://example.com:18123/*")
2
> request_match("http://example.com:18123")
0
> request_match("http://example.com")
0
> request_match("http://example.com/*")
2
> request_match("/*")
1
> request_match("/a/b/c")
3
> request_match("/a/b/*")
3
> request_match("/")
0
return(result)
Equivalent to exit, this function causes evaluation of the expression to terminate and returns result as the value of the expression.
rule(object, ruleset_vfs)
The rule predicate is an interface to the DACS rule processing engine. It is used to test if the rule set ruleset_vfs authorizes
object, much as dacscheck(1)[36] does. The object argument is the name to match against the services specified in access control rules
and can either be a URI or an absolute pathname (one that begins with a slash character). It can have an optional query string
component attached. An absolute pathname path is mapped internally to a URI as file://path; e.g., /myapp is interpreted as
file:///myapp (see RFC 1738[43]).
One application of this predicate is for a rule associated with a program to check that the user requesting access is entitled to use a
data file needed by the program.
Note
Only the path component of the URI is considered when DACS matches an object's name against the url_pattern of an access control
rule. At present, the object name is not automatically canonicalized or resolved (see RFC 3986[45]), as is usually done by a web
server, so relative path components should be avoided.
The ruleset_vfs is a URI in the syntax of the VFS[25] configuration directive.
The various components of the URI that names the object are available as DACS variables and environment variables (see below). If a
query string is given, it is parsed and the individual arguments are made available to rules through the Args namespace, just as for
DACS-wrapped web services.
Many variables normally set by a web server are instantiated based on the object name and the execution environment. These variables
are available in the DACS namespace. For example, if the object name is https://example.com:8443/myapp/edit-menu?entry=item1, the
following variables will be set as indicated:
${DACS::HTTPS}=on
${DACS::SERVER_NAME}=example.com
${DACS::SERVER_ADDR}=142.179.101.118
${DACS::HTTP_HOST}=example.com:8443
${DACS::SERVER_PORT}=8443
${DACS::REQUEST_URI}=/myapp/edit-menu
${DACS::DOCUMENT_ROOT}=/
${DACS::REQUEST_METHOD}=GET
${DACS::SERVER_SOFTWARE}=dacsexpr-1.4.14
${DACS::QUERY_STRING}=entry=item1
${DACS::ARG_COUNT}=1
${DACS::CURRENT_URI}=/myapp/edit-menu?entry=item1
${DACS::CURRENT_URI_NO_QUERY}=/myapp/edit-menu
The value of ${Args::entry} will be item1. The request method is always GET. The variable ${DACS::REMOTE_USER} will be set if
credentials are available in the execution environment.
For example, assuming that the file /usr/local/exams/acls/acl-exams.17 contains:
<acl_rule status="enabled">
<services>
<service url_pattern="/exam1.html"/>
</services>
<rule order="allow,deny">
<precondition><predicate>
${Args::user} eq "teacher"
</predicate></precondition>
<allow>
time(hour) eq 17
</allow>
</rule>
</acl_rule>
The following call would only return True (1) any day between 5:00pm and 5:59pm:
rule("/exam1.html?user=teacher", "dacs-fs:/usr/local/exams/acls");
Note
o Since any rule can call the rule function, take care to avoid infinite recursion.
o Although this function is similar in concept to the dacscheck(1)[36] command, there are some significant differences,
particularly with respect to the context available during rule evaluation.
o The Env namespace is not reinitialized or altered during evaluation of rules processed by rule. That is, the Env namespace is
the same as the outer-most one.
setvar(op, dst-namespace [, args ...])
This function, which performs various operations on namespaces, has several different syntaxes. The first argument always specifies the
operation (case insensitively) and determines the meaning of the arguments that follow it. The second argument always specifies a
namespace that is created or modified. If successful, the function returns the number of variables created (or replaced) in
dst-namespace.
The dst-namespace cannot be a read-only namespace[88]. Unless otherwise specified, if dst-namespace exists, variables are added to it,
with any existing variable assigned its new value.
The following operations are recognized:
setvar(authorization, dst-namespace, auth-str)
The auth-str argument, which is the value of an Authorization HTTP request header, is parsed into its component fields and assigned
to variables in the destination namespace dst-namespace. If dst-namespace exists, its contents are deleted first. Corresponding to
the field names used in RFC 2617[89] Section 3.2.2, the following variables are created: AUTH_SCHEME, USERNAME, PASSWORD, REALM,
NONCE, DIGEST_URI, RESPONSE, ALGORITHM, CNONCE, OPAQUE, MESSAGE_QOP, NONCE_COUNT, and AUTH_PARAM. Any variable that corresponds to
a non-existent field is assigned the empty string.
The following call sets ${Foo::AUTH_SCHEME} to Basic, ${Foo::USERNAME} to Bobo, and ${Foo::PASSWORD} to myPassWord.
setvar(authorization, Foo, "Basic Qm9ibzpteVBhc3NXb3Jk")
setvar(copy, dst-namespace, src-namespace)
With the copy operation, all variables in an existing namespace src-namespace are copied to dst-namespace. If the latter exists,
its contents are deleted, otherwise the namespace is created.
setvar(delete, dst-namespace)
The delete operation is used to delete dst-namespace and its contents.
setvar(kwv, dst-namespace, assign-char, sep-chars, string)
For the kwv operation, string is parsed, creating (or replacing) variables in dst-namespace. The string consists of zero or more
keyword/value pairs. The keyword, which is used as the variable name, is separated by the value by the character assign-char. A
keyword/value pair is separated from the next by any character that appears in sep-chars. Here is an example:
setvar(kwv, "Foo", "=", ", ", "a=b, c=d, e=f")
The value of this call is 3 and it sets ${Foo::a} to "b", ${Foo::c} to "d", and ${Foo::e} to "f".
setvar(load, dst-namespace, filename)
setvar(load, dst-namespace, item_type, key)
setvar(load, dst-namespace, vfs-ref, key)
The contents of a text object, which can be specified using a filename, as an item_type, or using a vfs-ref (see vfs()[73]), is
split into newline separated lines. The first line is assigned index 0 in dst-namespace, the second index 1, and so on.
Consider the following example:
> setvar(load, PASSWD, "/etc/passwd")
25
> ${PASSWD::2}
"root:*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh"
Here, there are 25 lines in /etc/passwd and the third line is printed.
setvar(loadi, dst-namespace, vfs-ref)
Each item in the indexed text object specified by vfs-ref (an absolute pathname, an item type, or a VFS URI[61]) is copied to
dst-namespace, with the same index. The index must be a valid variable-name.
> setvar(loadi, PASSWD, "dacs-kwv-fs:/etc/passwd")
23
> ${PASSWD::root}
"*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh"
> ${PASSWD::bobo}
"bobo:*:1001:1001:Bobo &:/home/bobo:/bin/tcsh"
Here, 23 items are copied into the PASSWD namespace (the first two lines in this particular /etc/passwd are ignored because they
are comments that are not recognized as items). The lines indexed by the keys root and bobo are printed.
setvar(merge, dst-namespace, src-namespace)
The merge operation is similar to copy[90] except that if dst-namespace exists its contents are not deleted.
setvar(post, dst-namespace [, content-type, string])
Like query[91], this operation parses its input into arguments in dst-namespace. The function reads its standard input, unless a
string argument is given. The input is expected to be a correctly formatted application/x-www-form-urlencoded or
multipart/form-data content type. If the standard input is read, both the CONTENT_TYPE and CONTENT_LENGTH environment variables
must be set (as they are when Apache runs a script that is passed an entity-body).
The form that takes string is not yet implemented.
setvar(query, dst-namespace, query-string)
For the query operation, query-string is parsed, creating variables in dst-namespace. This uses the same parsing algorithm employed
by cgiparse(8)[92]. In the case of a malformed query string, like "a&b", variables will be created but will have the empty string
as their value. If successful, the function returns the number of variables created. The following call returns 3 and sets
${Foo::a} to "b", ${Foo::c} to "d", and ${Foo::e} to "f":
setvar(query, "Foo", "a=b&c=d&e=f")
One application of this function it to distinguish query arguments (which are part of the requested resource's URI and made
available through the environment variable QUERY_STRING) from arguments supplied in the body of a POST method (or other such
method). For example:
setvar(query, "Qargs", "${Env::QUERY_STRING}")
if (${Qargs::foo:e}) {
/* "foo" is a query argument */
}
else {
/* "foo" is not a query argument */
}
if (${Args::foo:e} and not ${Qargs::foo:e}) {
/* "foo" is a POST argument */
}
else {
/* "foo" is not a POST argument */
}
setvar(regsplit, dst-namespace, string, delimiter-regex [,limit])
The regsplit operation is similar to split[93] except that substrings are separated by the regular expression delimiter-regex. IEEE
Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") "extended" regular expressions are used (regex(3)[85]).
setvar(rename, dst-namespace, src-namespace)
The rename operation deletes dst-namespace, if it exists, and changes the name of src-namespace to dst-namespace. The two namespace
arguments must be different.
setvar(split, dst-namespace, string, delimiter [,limit [,dflag]])
The split operation extracts substrings from string. Substrings are separated by the string delimiter. For example, this call
separates a composite role string into individual basic roles:
setvar(split, "ROLES", ${DACS::ROLES}, ",")
If the variable reference ${DACS::ROLES} has the value "root,wheel,www,users", then the example would return 4 and set ${ROLES::0}
to "root", ${ROLES::1} to "wheel", and so on.
If a limit is given, it is an integer that specifies the maximum number of substrings to extract. Once the maximum has been
reached, the remainder of string that has not been split will be assigned to the last element. A limit of zero is equivalent to the
default, which is for there to be no maximum. For instance, setvar(split, X, "a,b,c,d", ",", 2) will assign "a" to ${X::0} and
"b,c,d" to ${X::1}.
Here is another example:
> setvar(split, "X", "a
b
c
", "
")
"3"
> ${X::0}
"a"
> ${X::#}
"3"
This function can be used to break a pathname into its individual components. For instance, the following call results in ${X::0}
set to the empty string, ${X::1} set to "a", ${X::2} set to "long", and ${X::3} set to "path":
> setvar(split, "X", "/a/long/path", "/")
4
(You may need to first remove redundant slashes in string using strtr()[80].)
A dflag argument may follow the limit argument to indicate whether delimiter should not be included in substrings (dflag == 0,
which is the default behavior), whether it should be included at the start of substrings with the possible exception of the first
one (dflag > 0), or whether it should be included at the end of substrings with the possible exception of the last one (dflag < 0).
> setvar(split, P, "/a/long/path", "/", 0, 1)
3
> ${P::0}
"/a"
> ${P::1}
"/long"
> ${P::2}
"/path"
> setvar(split, P, "/a/long/path", "/", 0, -1)
4
> ${P::0}
"/"
> ${P::1}
"a/"
> ${P::2}
"long/"
> ${P::3}
"path"
setvar(uri, dst-namespace, uri)
The given uri, a URI conforming to RFC 2396[44] or RFC 3986[45], is parsed into its components. Variables in dst-namespace are set
accordingly: SCHEME (mapped to lower case), HOST (mapped to lower case), AUTHORITY, PORT, SERVER, USERINFO, PATH, QUERY, and
FRAGMENT. If a component is absent from uri, the corresponding variable will not be defined.
Security
It is possible for USERINFO to include a plaintext password.
In addition, the URI's path component is split into its slash-delimited pieces. The variable PATH_LENGTH is set to the number of
such pieces (it will be zero if there are none), and variables PATH_0, PATH_1, and so on are set to the first, second, and
successive pieces. An "empty" path component is treated as a piece consisting of the empty string.
> setvar(uri, "X", "https://bar@foo.example.com:8443/cgi-bin/prog?a=17")
11
> info(namespace,X)
"SCHEME="https"
AUTHORITY="bar@foo.example.com:8443"
HOST="foo.example.com"
PORT="8443"
SERVER="foo.example.com:8443"
USERINFO="bar"
PATH="/cgi-bin/prog"
PATH_COUNT="2"
PATH_0="cgi-bin"
PATH_1="prog"
QUERY="a=17"
"
sizeof(typename)
This function returns the amount of memory in bytes, as an integer, used by typename, the name of a basic data type[20]. For the string
and binary types, the returned value is the number of bytes used by each element of that type (1, typically). To find the number of
elements in string or binary data, use length()[14].
> sizeof(real)
8
sleep(seconds)
The process is suspended for approximately seconds seconds, or until a signal is received and caught or the process terminated. It
returns the "unslept" number of seconds, which will be zero if the process slept for the requested interval. This is an interface to
sleep(3)[94]. It can be useful for inserting delays in conjunction with error handlers, for instance.
source(vfs-ref [,key])
The expressions in the file or item specified by vfs-ref, which may be followed by a key if it is an indexed filestore, are read and
evaluated as a block. The vfs-ref can be an absolute pathname, an item type, or a VFS URI[61]. The value returned is that of the
evaluated block. The following two expressions are essentially equivalent:
source("/usr/local/dacs/scripts/script17")
eval(get("/usr/local/dacs/scripts/script17"))
This function is handy when a lengthy expression is needed but one does not want to clutter a configuration file or a rule.
sprintf(fmt, ...)
This is a slightly scaled-down version of the sprintf(3)[95] library function. If necessary and possible, arguments are converted to
the type requested by a formatting specification. The formatted string is returned.
${a} = sprintf("Hello") . ", world."
"Hello, world."
length(sprintf("Hello") . ", world.")
13
strchars(str, range-spec [,...])
This function returns a new string by selecting characters from str according to a sequence of one or more range specifications (each
one a range-spec). A range-spec is a string argument that determines the indexes of characters to select within str. Indexes start at
zero. The result of each successive range specification is appended to the previous result.
A range-spec is an unordered set of one or more comma-separated elements, each of which is either an index or a range. An index may
either be a non-negative integer or "#", which means "all indexes". A range represents a sequence of indexes and has the syntax:
range-start ".." range-end
A range-start may be a non-negative integer, the character "#" (which means "from the beginning"), or may be elided (also meaning "from
the beginning"). A range-end may be a non-negative integer (not less than range-start, if it is also a non-negative integer), the
character "#" (which means "to the end"), or may be omitted (also meaning "to the end").
> $a = "abcdef"
"abcdef"
> strchars($a, 2)
"c"
> strchars($a, "1..4", "0")
"bcdea"
> strchars($a . $a, "5..#")
"fabcdef"
> strchars($a, "#")
"abcdef"
> strchars($a, "#..#")
"abcdef"
> strchars($a, "#..3")
"abcd"
> strchars($a, "..3")
"abcd"
> strchars($a, "..3", "#")
"abcdabcdef"
strftime(format)
This function is an interface to the strftime(3)[96] function. It is applied to the current date and time.
strptime(date-str, date-format, namespace)
strptime(namespace)
This function is an interface to the strptime(3)[97] function. The date-str argument is a string representation of a date and/or time,
with date-format describing its syntax. If the parse of date-str succeeds, the following elements of namespace are set from the
corresponding fields of struct tm: tm_sec, tm_min, tm_hour, tm_mday, tm_mon, tm_year, tm_wday, tm_yday, tm_isdst, tm_zone, and
tm_gmtoff. Additionally, a variable named clock is set to the Unix time that corresponds to the parsed date and time. Any existing
elements of namespace are not modified. If date-str does not fully describe a date and time, it is taken to be relative to the current
date and time (e.g., if only a time is given, "today's date" is used).
In the single-argument usage, the current date and time are parsed and namespace is assigned values as previously described.
The return value is the "Unix time" equivalent of the resulting time and date.
> strptime("6 Dec 2001 12:33:45", "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S", tm)
1007670825
> "${tm::tm_mon} ${tm::tm_mday} ${tm::tm_hour} ${tm::tm_min}"
"11 6 12 33"
> ${tm::clock}
1007670825
strrstr(string, substring)
Return the start of the last occurrence of substring within string. The empty string is returned if string is empty or if no occurrence
of substring is found. If substring is empty, string is returned.
strstr(string, substring)
Return the start of the first occurrence of substring within string. The empty string is returned if string is empty or if no
occurrence of substring is found. If substring is empty, string is returned.
> strstr("foobazbar", "baz")
"bazbar"
> strstr("foobazbar", "")
"foobazbar"
> strstr("foobazbar", "zzz")
""
> strstr("", "zzz")
""
> strstr("afoofoofooz", "foo")
"foofoofooz"
> strrstr("afoofoofooz", "foo")
"fooz"
strtolower(string)
A new string is returned where each uppercase character in string is mapped to lowercase and all other characters are mapped to
themselves. These two expressions are equivalent and have the value "hello, world 2008":
strtolower("Hello, World 2008")
strtr("Hello, World 2008", "A-Z", "a-z")
strtoupper(string)
A new string is returned where each lowercase character in string is mapped to uppercase and all other characters are mapped to
themselves. These two expressions are equivalent and have the value "HELLO, WORLD 2008":
strtoupper("Hello, World 2008")
strtr("Hello, World 2008", "a-z", "A-Z")
strtr(input-string, string1, [string2 [,cds]])
This function performs string transliteration, like the tr(1)[98] command and Perl's tr and y operators. The result is the
transliterated string. The first argument is the input string to be transliterated (stdin in the tr command). The second argument is
the search list ("string1" in the tr command). The third argument is the (possibly empty) replacement list ("string2" in the tr
command); it may be omitted if no flag string argument follows.
The fourth, optional argument is a literal flag string made of the characters 'c', 'd', and 's' (in any order), which correspond to the
flags of the same name in the tr command:
c
Complement the set of values in string1.
d
Delete characters in string1 from the input string.
s
Squeeze multiple occurrences of the characters listed in the last operand (either string1 or string2) in the input into a single
instance of the character. This occurs after all deletion and translation is completed.
> strtr("AbCdEf", "A-Z", "a-z")
"abcdef"
> strtr("/a//b///c", "/", "", "s")
"/a/b/c"
subset(format, purported-subset, superset [, nocase])
This function returns True if every element of the purported-subset appears in superset. The format indicates how to parse the set
arguments. It can be the space, tab, or newline character, or any punctuation character. It is currently interpreted as the character
that separates elements. If the optional nocase literal argument is given, then set elements are compared case-insensitively.
Example:
subset(",", ${Args::LAYERS:i}, "RELIEF:Foundation,GTOPO30:Foundation")
This call returns True if every element of the LAYERS parameter (case insensitive) appears in the given list, otherwise the expression
is False.
substr(string, start-position, length)
This function returns the substring of string beginning at start-position with length at most length characters. The first character is
in position one. If start-position is negative, the position is relative to the end of string (-1 specifies the last character in
string). If the effective starting position is outside of string, an empty string is returned. If length is negative, it means "the
remainder of the string". It is an error if either numeric argument is zero. It is not an error if length exceeds the actual number of
characters returned.
> substr("foozle", 3, 4)
"ozle"
> substr("foobar", -3, 2)
"ba"
> substr("foobar", -5, -1)
"oobar"
> substr("foobar", 10, -1)
""
> substr("foobar", -10, 3)
""
syntax(type, name [, flag])
This function performs a syntax test, specified by type, on name. It returns 0 if the test fails, 1 or a type-dependent, non-zero value
if the test is successful. It can be useful for testing, catching errors, recognizing when a string must be mapped, and for learning
about DACS. Note that these are purely syntactical checks. They do not test whether an object called name exists or is configured.
The following tests are recognized:
syntax(charset, name, charset_spec)
Test if each of the characters in name is specified by charset_spec, which is a character set specification as used by strtr()[80]
("the search list").
syntax(dacsname, name)
Test if name is valid as a DACS name[99]. If the string is recognized, one of the following values is returned to classify it:
o 1 if it is a DACS identity
o 2 if it is a group name
o 3 if it is a jurisdiction name
o 4 if it is a federation name
o 5 if it is an IP address in numeric dot notation
syntax(emailaddr, name)
Test if name is a syntactically valid RFC 822[100] email address. A successful test does not imply that a message can be delivered
to the address.
Note
The implementation does not currently recognize valid addresses where the local-part (the substring to the left of the '@'
character) contains a quoted-string component.
syntax(expr, name)
Test if name is a syntactically valid expression. The expression is not actually evaluated. A successful test does not imply that
evaluation of the expression will necessarily be successful or error-free.
syntax(domainname, name)
Test if name is a syntactically valid domain name (RFC 952[101]). A successful test does not imply that name exists or has a DNS
entry.
syntax(federation, name)
Test if name is valid as a federation name (e.g., as the value of FEDERATION_NAME[102]).
syntax(group, name)
Test if name is valid as a group name.
syntax(hostname, name)
Test if name is valid as a host name (an alphanumeric, followed by any number of alphanumerics and hyphens, but not ending with a
hyphen; see RFC 952[101] and RFC 1123[103]).
syntax(ipaddr, name)
Test if name is a valid Class C IPv4 address (RFC 790[104]).
syntax(jurisdiction, name)
Test if name is valid as a jurisdiction name (e.g., as the value of JURISDICTION_NAME[105]).
syntax(namespace, name)
Test if name is valid as the name of a namespace[21].
syntax(role, name)
Test if name is valid as a role descriptor string[99].
syntax(uri, name)
Test if name is a valid URI (RFC 2396[44], but partially RFC 3986[45]). It must consist of a scheme, authority component, path
component, and optional query and fragment components.
syntax(username, name)
Test if name is valid as a username (e.g., as the value of the USERNAME argument to many DACS web services).
syntax(variable, name)
Test if name is valid as a variable reference[21]. This does not test if the named variable exists.
syntax(varname, name)
Test if name is a syntactically correct variable name[21], with or without a namespace. This does not test if the named variable
exists.
> syntax(federation, "FOO")
1
> syntax(dacsname, "FOO::BAZ:bar")
1
> syntax(dacsname, "FOO::")
4
> syntax(charset, "bobo17+", "a-z0-9")
0
> syntax(expr, '1 + 1 + 1')
1
> syntax(variable, '${1$}')
0
> syntax(variable, '${Foo::baz:z}')
0
> syntax(varname, 'Foo::baz')
1
> syntax(varname, "17")
1
> syntax(username, "/bobo/")
0
> syntax(group, "blop")
1
> syntax(group, "%blop")
0
> syntax(dacsname, "%blop:flop")
1
> syntax(uri,"https://foo.example.com:8443/cgi-bin/prog?a=17")
1
time(format [, timeval])
time(format, namespace)
This function returns time and date information, as specified by the first argument. The second argument, if present, either specifies
the "Unix time" from which to obtain the time and date or a namespace that was returned by strptime()[106]. If the second argument is
absent, the result is the same as if a second argument were given as time("now"). The localtime(3)[107] library function is used
internally to perform the date calculations.
The format argument, which is treated case-insensitively, can be any of the following:
o If the argument is "now", the function's value is the current "Unix time" (the value of time in seconds since 0 hours, 0 minutes, 0
seconds, January 1, 1970, Coordinated Universal Time). If the second argument is present, however, it is the function's value.
o If the argument is "sec" or "secs" or "seconds", the function's value is the system clock's seconds reading.
o If the argument is "min" or "mins" or "minutes", the function's value is the system clock's minutes reading.
o If the argument is "hour", the function's value is the system clock's hour reading (0 - 23).
o If the argument is "mday", the function's value is the day of the month (1 - 31).
o If the argument is "ismdaylast", the function's value is non-zero if this is the last day of the month.
o If the argument is "mon" or "month", the function's value is the month of the year (0 - 11).
o If the argument is "year", the function's value is the year (from 1900 onward).
o If the argument is "isleapyear", the function's value is non-zero if this is a leap year.
o If the argument is "wday", the function's value is the day of the week (Sunday is 0).
o If the argument is "yday", the function's value is the day of the year (0 - 365).
o If the argument is "isdst", the function's value is non-zero if daylight saving time is in effect.
o If the argument is "zone", the function's value is system clock's time zone, abbreviated. If the time zone is not known, the value
will be the empty string.
o If the argument is "gmtoff", the function's value is the offset (in seconds) of the system clock's time represented from UTC, with
positive values indicating east of the Prime Meridian.
Note
A more powerful function is planned to test whether the current time and date satisfy a predicate. It might, for example,
understand arguments such as "Tuesday" (True on any Tuesday), "last day of the month", "between midnight and 8:30am", "January 30,
2004 at 1:23pm", "between March 2 and April 1", "the second Tuesday of the month", or "within 15 days of April 30".
transform(input,name,rules,docs [,idents])
transform(input,config,name,rules,docs [,idents])
This function provides a simplified API for dacstransform(1)[108] - refer to its description for additional details. The first form of
the function uses compile-time defaults, unless they are overridden by configuration variables (e.g., ${Conf::transform_prefix}). The
second form passes a configuration object returned by transform_config()[109]. The input argument is the text to be passed through the
function. The name argument is equivalent to the value of the dacstransform -name flag, rules is equivalent to the value of the -r
flag, docs is equivalent to the value of the -docs flag, and the optional idents argument is a whitespace-separated list of identities
in the concise user syntax[110]. The function returns the transformed input.
transform_config(flags)
This function returns a configuration object that is passed to subsequent calls to transform()[111] so that defaults can be overridden.
The single string argument is parsed into whitespace-separated words. If a flag is repeated, the right-most occurrence is used.
The following flags are recognized:
o -prefix prefix-string: The string used to introduce a directive, which must appear at the beginning of a line.
o -suffix suffix-string: The string used to end a directive.
o -rprefix regex-prefix: A line whose beginning matches the specified regular expression introduces a directive.
o -rsuffix regex-suffix: The end of a directive is found by matching the specified regular expression.
trim(string, delete-set [,limit])
Delete each character in delete-set that appears at the end of string, up to limit characters. The delete-set is a search list
specification as used by strtr()[80]. If limit is missing or zero, all of the characters in string can potentially be deleted (leaving
the empty string). The new string is returned.
> trim("abceffff", "f")
"abce"
> trim("abceffff", abf)
"abce"
> trim("a
", "
")
"a"
> trim("a", "a-z")
""
typeof([typename,] expression)
If there are two arguments and the first is a recognized data type name[20], the return value is 1 (True) if expression has that type
and 0 (False) otherwise. If there is one argument, the function yields a string that is the data type name of the evaluated expression.
> typeof(4.5)
"real"
> typeof(integer, 4.5)
0
undef()
This function returns a special value that represents the "undefined" value. It is used in certain circumstances to undefine a symbol.
See dacs.conf(5)[9].
user(string)
This function compares its argument against each set of current credentials and returns the number of credentials that match. The
argument is a user filter expression that must evaluate to True for a set of credentials for those credentials to match. See
dacs(1)[99] for information about naming.
Note
In typical usage, each user will have only one set of credentials or will be unauthenticated. One should keep in mind, however,
that multiple concurrent identities are allowed, subject to ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT[112].
The string argument (EXP) has the following syntax:
Figure 2. User Filter Expression Grammar
EXP -> E1
E1 -> E2 | E2 OR E2
E2 -> E3 | E3 AND E2
E3 -> E4 | NOT E3
E4 -> primary | "(" E1 ")"
OR -> "or" | "||"
AND -> "and" | "&&"
NOT -> "not" | "!"
Whitespace (spaces and tabs) is permitted before and after lexical elements. Keywords are case sensitive except when otherwise stated.
A primary, which evaluates to True or False, is one of the following:
username
True if the DACS identity username matches.
user("METALOGIC:auggie")
user(":bobo")
If the jurisdiction name or federation name components are omitted, the current federation and jurisdiction[99] are implied. The
jurisdiction name component may be specified as "*" (e.g., *:username), in which case it will match any jurisdiction name in the
current federation. In addition, both the federation name and the jurisdiction name components may be specified as "*" (e.g.,
*::*:username), in which case it will match any federation name and any jurisdiction name.
jurisdiction
True if jurisdiction matches the name of the jurisdiction that created the credentials.
user("METALOGIC:")
user("DEMO::METALOGIC:")
federation
True if federation matches the name of the federation that created the credentials.
user("DEMO::")
address
Given an argument acceptable to the from()[113] predicate, the result is True if the credentials were generated by a user
apparently located at address.
user("10.0.0.123")
user("10.0.0.0/24")
user("example.com")
group
True if the identity is a member of group, which is a DACS group.
user("%METALOGIC:admin")
A group name may reference an explicit group membership list or a role-based group. Also, it is possible for an explicit group
membership list to have the same name as a role-based group; if the name is referenced in a rule, the rule processing engine will
first check if the user is associated with the role. If he's not, it will go on to check for an explicit group membership list with
the same name. This allows an administrator to easily supplement the membership associated with a role-based group. Refer to
dacs.groups(5)[114].
namespace ns
The value of each element in ns (a namespace) is evaluated as a primary. The order in which the list is evaluated is unspecified.
Processing of the list terminates with the first primary that evaluates to True or when the list is exhausted. This primary can
appear in an element (so that one list can reference other lists) but beware of infinite recursion.
For example, if /usr/local/dacs/app_users consists of usernames, one per line, an access control rule can grant permission to any
of the users by having an allow element containing the statements:
setvar(load, APP_USERS, "/usr/local/dacs/app_users");
user("namespace APP_USERS")
style style-list
The keyword style is followed by a list of one or more comma-separated, case-insensitive style keywords, described below. Each
style keyword may be abbreviated up to the indicated minimum number of initial characters. Every set of credentials has one or more
styles[115] associated with it that indicate which authentication method or methods were successfully applied and how (by what
means) the credentials were generated within DACS. A primary is True if the tested credentials satisfy all of the keywords in the
style-list.
For example, this expression tests if both the passwd and certificate styles are associated with it:
user("style passwd,cert")
This is equivalent to the following expression, which tests if the user was authenticated via a username/password style of
authentication and a valid X.509 client certificate was presented:
user("style passwd") and user("style CERT")
The following style keywords are understood:
acs
True if the credentials were created during an authorization check by dacs_acs
admin
True if the credentials were created for use internal to DACS.
alien
True if the credentials were imported by dacs_auth_agent(8)[116] in its "alien" mode, or by dacs_auth_transfer(8)[117].
cas
True if the user was authenticated using CAS.
cert[ificate]
True if the user authenticated using an X.509 certificate.
digest
True if the user authenticated using RFC 2617[89] Digest authentication.
expr
True if the user was authenticated using an expression.
gen[erated]
True if the credentials were generated by a DACS utility (e.g., dacscookie(1)[118]).
import[ed]
True if the credentials were imported by dacs_auth_agent(8)[116] or dacs_auth_transfer(8)[117].
infocard
True if the user was authenticated using an InfoCard.
nat[ive]
True if the user was authenticated using the native authentication style.
managed_infocard
True if the user was authenticated using a managed InfoCard.
pass[word]
passwd
True if the user authenticated using a password.
prompt[ed]
True if the user was authenticated using the prompted authentication style.
rlink
True if the user was authenticated using an Rlink[83].
selfissued_infocard
True if the user was authenticated using a self-issued InfoCard.
simple
True if the user authenticated without using a password.
This test can be used as part of a risk-based authentication configuration; a user with credentials obtained through an
authentication style deemed not to be sufficiently secure with respect to a resource could be forced to reauthenticate using a
stronger authentication method. See dacs_authenticate(8)[8] for additional information.
importedby jurisdiction
The keyword importedby is followed by the name of a jurisdiction within the current federation; the result is True if the
credentials were imported using dacs_auth_transfer(8)[117] at that jurisdiction.
user("importedby METALOGIC")
version protocol-version
The keyword version is followed by a DACS protocol version number (every release of DACS defines this as the value of the
compile-time symbol DACS_VERSION_NUMBER); the result is True if the credentials match that protocol version number.
user("version 1.4")
authenticated, unauthenticated
Either of two keywords: authenticated (or simply auth) or unauthenticated (or simply unauth). The former is True if the user is
authenticated, while the latter is True if the user is not authenticated. A case-insensitive string comparison is used to match
these special names.
user("auth")
user("unauth")
mine
The keyword "mine" (case insensitive) is True if the user was authenticated by the current jurisdiction.
user("mine")
any
The keyword "any" (case insensitive) is always True.
user("any")
none
The keyword "none" (case insensitive) is always False.
user("none")
By default, an exact string comparison (case sensitive) is used to match name components other than the special names; this default
behaviour can be overridden using the NAME_COMPARE configuration directive (dacs.conf(5)[9]). The method used to compare federation
names, jurisdiction names, and usernames can also be specified by following the primary with a mode. If the value of mode (which is
itself case insensitive) is case, then case-sensitive comparisons are used, if its value is nocase, then case-insensitive comparisons
are used, and if its value is default, then the value of the NAME_COMPARE directive will be used if present, otherwise the application
default is used (either case or the value selected by the application).
Important
Keep in mind that user() can return False because no credentials matched the user filter expression and because there are no
credentials at all (i.e., the user is unauthenticated). For example,
user("not METALOGIC:rmorriso")
will return True if the user's identity is not METALOGIC:rmorriso, even if the user is not authenticated. It may therefore be
necessary to explicitly test for an authenticated user:
user("not METALOGIC:rmorriso and auth")
Here are examples of the user() function. Note that any non-zero expression value implies True.
1.
user("METALOGIC:")
Return True if the client was authenticated by the jurisdiction METALOGIC in this federation
2.
user("METALOGIC:rmorriso")
Return True if the client was authenticated as the user METALOGIC:rmorriso
3.
user("DEMO::METALOGIC:rmorriso")
Return True if the client was authenticated by the given federation and jurisdiction as rmorriso
4.
user("%METALOGIC:admin")
Return True if the client is a member of the group METALOGIC:admin
5.
user("*:rmorriso")
Return True if the client was authenticated as the username rmorriso by any jurisdiction in this federation
6.
user("auth")
Return True if the client was authenticated anywhere
7.
user("UnAuthenticated")
Return True if the client is not authenticated
8.
user("10.0.0.123")
Return True if the client was authenticated through a request from a host having the IP address 10.0.0.123
9.
user("not 10.0.0.123")
Return True if the client is unauthenticated or was not authenticated through a request from a host having the IP address
10.0.0.123 (use user("auth and not 10.0.0.123") to remove the unauthenticated case)
10.
user("ANY")
Always return True
11.
user("any") gt 1
Return True if the client has more than one set of current credentials (i.e., has authenticated as two or more identities)
12.
user(":rmorriso")
Return True if the client was authenticated as rmorriso by this jurisdiction
13.
user(":rmorriso nocase")
Return True if the client was authenticated as rmorriso, case-insensitively, by this jurisdiction
14.
user("metalogic:RMORRISO nocase")
Return True if the client was authenticated as the user metalogic:RMORRISO, but comparing the jurisdiction name, username, and
implied federation name case-insensitively
15.
user("METALOGIC:rmorriso default")
Equivalent to user("METALOGIC:rmorriso"), return True if the client was authenticated as the user METALOGIC:rmorriso, but comparing
the jurisdiction name, username, and implied federation name according to the NAME_COMPARE directive, otherwise using the
application's default
Tip
The following two tests are not equivalent:
user("auth")
user("DSS:auth")
The first is True if the user making the request has been authenticated; it does matter which jurisdiction authenticated the user
or what the username is. The second test requires the user making the request to have a specific identity; she must have been
authenticated by the jurisdiction DSS as the username auth.
ustamp(op, vfs-ref [,args ...])
This function generates a string called a stamp that is globally unique and sequenced, with high probability. It has the following
syntax:
h=hostid, s=seqno
A hostid consists of one or more characters from the same set used for a DACS username[119]. A seqno consists of two elements,
separated by a colon, each of which is an unsigned decimal value.
The first component of a stamp, the hostid, is intended to be uniquely associated with the host that generates the stamp. By default,
it is a 128-bit, cryptographically strong pseudo-random value. This value is stored in vfs-ref, which may be an absolute pathname, an
item type, or a VFS URI[61]. If vfs-ref does not exist, it is created and a new value is stored in it.
Note that by default, hostid identifies a host, not a jurisdiction. If required, it is possible to configure unique stamps for each
jurisdiction on a host.
The second component (seqno) is a sequence number string relative to hostid. Sequence numbers should never repeat with respect to a
host and always increase in value so that any two sequence numbers created by the same host must be different. Successive sequence
numbers need not increase by uniform steps. If stamp1 compares less than stamp2, then stamp1 was created before stamp2. Comparison of
sequence numbers is performed on matching elements numerically, left to right. Two hostid components are compared case insensitively.
No ordering is necessarily implied by stamps created by different hosts.
Sequence number state information is stored in a file that must be specified using the configuration variable ${Conf::ustamp_seqno};
e.g.,
EVAL ${Conf::ustamp_seqno} = "${Conf::DACS_HOME}/seqno"
The variable must be set to the absolute pathname of a file that is readable and writable by any process that needs to generate a
stamp. If this file is deleted, the sequence will be reinitialized. Note that updates to the state information are unlikely to be
atomic, which means that in the event of a system crash the state information should be deleted so that a new stream of sequence
numbers is generated.
One application of these stamps is to provide an efficient way to detect replayed messages. A recipient may only need to keep track of
the stamp sent with the last message received from a jurisdiction to detect an invalid stamp in any subsequent message. Cryptographic
techniques can be employed to prevent a stamp from being altered or forged.
The following operations are recognized:
ustamp(clock, vfs-uri)
The host's system clock is used for the stamp's sequence number. Its first element is the number of seconds since the start of the
epoch and the second is a counter value. Note that if the system clock is reset to an earlier time, sequence numbers may repeat
with unpredictable consequences; a future version of this function may detect a reset clock.
ustamp(ntpclock, vfs-uri, ntp_host)
This operation is not implemented. Rather than using the system clock, this operation obtains the current time from ntp_host, which
is assumed to be more reliable than the system clock in that it will never be reset to an earlier time. The ntp_host argument is a
hostname or IP address. The default port number (123) may be overridden by appending a colon and the port number to use.
ustamp(user, vfs-uri, seqno)
Instead of incorporating the current time into the stamp's sequence number, this operation uses a user-supplied string that is
assumed to have the necessary syntax and characteristics.
Examples:
> ustamp(clock, "${Conf::DACS_HOME}/hostid")
"h=2fbae312ddc1d2ae388cea1b57a47c66, s=1185565675:9"
valuesof(alist)
If its argument is a single pair, the pair's value is returned. If there is more than one pair in the argument, a list of values is
returned. To get the key component of a pair or set of pairs, use keysof()[17].
Examples:
> valuesof({red, 17})
17
> valuesof({red, 17, blue, 100})
[17, 100]
var(op, namespace, variable-name [, args ...])
This function performs various operations on a variable, some of which are awkward or impossible to do using the more concise variable
reference syntax. For example, the namespace or variable name argument to var() can be specified by an expression.
The following operations are available:
var(delete, namespace, variable-name)
Delete (undefine) the variable named variable-name within namespace. If the variable is deleted, 1 is returned, and if it does not
exist, 0 is returned.
var(exists, namespace, variable-name)
Test if the variable named variable-name within namespace exists, returning 1 if so and 0 if not.
var(get, namespace, variable-name [, altval])
Return the value of the variable named variable-name within namespace. If the variable does not exist, altval is returned if given,
otherwise the empty string is returned (which could potentially be confused with a legitimate value).
var(set, namespace, variable-name, value)
Set the value of the variable named variable-name within namespace to value. If namespace or variable-name do not exist they are
created. If the variable already exists, its value is replaced. The function returns value.
Examples:
> ${Y::foo} = 17
17
> setvar(split, X, "/a/b/c/Y", "/")
5
> var(get, X, 4)
"Y"
> var(get, X, ${X::#} - 1)
"Y"
> var(get, var(get, X, "4"), "foo")
"17"
> var(set, Y, "f" . "o" . "o", 2007)
2007
> ${Y::foo}
2007
vfs(op, vfs-ref [, argument ...])
This function is an interface to the DACS virtual filestore subsystem, described in dacs.vfs(5)[120]. Please refer to dacs.conf(5)[25]
and dacsvfs(1)[121] for details and examples.
The first argument specifies the operation to be performed. The second argument identifies a filestore (typically a file or database);
it can be an absolute pathname, an item_type that has been configured through a VFS[25] directive, or a VFS URI[61]. Zero or more
arguments may follow, depending on op. For most operations, the third argument will be the key that identifies the object of interest.
The underlying filestore is implicitly opened and closed.
An operation that fails abnormally triggers a fatal error.
The following operations (op) are available:
vfs(control, vfs-ref, c_op [, argument]
Perform a configuration operation on the underlying storage scheme. Returns True.
vfs(defined, item-type)
Test if the specified item-type has been defined by a VFS[61] directive.
vfs(defined, "passwds")
vfs(delete, vfs-ref [, key])
Delete the referenced object.
vfs(enabled [, store-name])
With an argument, test if the specified store-name can be used. With no argument, return a list[68] of enabled store names.
vfs(enabled, "db") ? print("yes") : print("no");
vfs(exists, vfs-ref [, key])
Test whether the referenced object exists, returning True or False.
vfs(exists, "/usr/local/dacs/conf/passwd")
vfs(exists, "file:///usr/local/dacs/conf/passwd")
vfs(get, vfs-ref [, key])
Retrieve the referenced object.
vfs(getsize, vfs-ref [, key])
Return the length, in bytes, of the referenced object.
vfs(list, vfs-ref)
List the keys of all objects in the store.
vfs(put, vfs-ref, value)
vfs(put, vfs-ref, key, value)
Store an item under the given key, replacing any existing instance. The value is null-terminated.
vfs(rename, vfs-ref, oldkey, newkey)
Change the key associated with an existing item from oldkey to newkey.
vfs(uri, item-type)
If item-type has been defined by a VFS[61] directive, return its URI, otherwise the empty string.
> vfs(uri, "passwds")
"[passwds]dacs-kwv-fs:/usr/local/dacs/conf/passwd?field_sep=:"
This statement sets a variable to the contents of the file /tmp/somefile:
${somefile} = vfs(get, "file:///tmp/somefile")
As do this equivalent statements:
${somefile} = vfs(get, "/tmp/somefile")
${somefile} = get("/tmp/somefile")
This expression lists the files in the /tmp directory:
vfs(list,"dacs-fs:/tmp")
These expressions 1) add a key/value pair to a Berkeley DB database (/tmp/mydb.db), creating the database file if necessary, 2)
retrieve the value, 3) rename the key, and 4) list the keys in the database:
vfs(put, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db", "foo", "baz");
vfs(get, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db", "foo");
vfs(rename, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db", "foo", "bar");
vfs(list, "dacs-db:/tmp/mydb.db");
This rule fragment denies access if the user has already been granted access five times:
<deny>
if (user("auth")) {
if (vfs(exists, counter_db, ${DACS::IDENTITY})) {
${count} = vfs(get, counter_db, ${DACS::IDENTITY});
}
else {
${count} = 0;
}
if (${count} gt 5) {
return(1);
}
vfs(put, counter_db, ${DACS::IDENTITY}, ++${count});
return(0);
}
</deny>
The item type counter_db would be configured in dacs.conf; e.g.,
VFS "[counter_db]dacs-db:/usr/local/dacs/federations/counters.db"
SEE ALSO
dacsexpr(1)[1]
BUGS
Assorted clunky aspects of the language are likely to be replaced by simplified or more general approaches once requirements are clearer.
The list and alist data types have not been fully developed and integrated. Assignment to a namespace would be a useful extension.
A way to handle errors and exceptions (such as with try/catch/throw statements) would be nice. A switch statement and dynamically loaded
functions are planned. A foreach statement might be useful, although the language has so far successfully avoided loop constructs as a way
to limit its complexity.
Various aspects of variables and namespaces are not implemented. A namespace cannot be copied by assignment; use setvar().
Input and output processing is still rather limited.
Having to use ":" instead of ".." when matching octet ranges with from()[113] is unfortunate but avoids pesky period proliferation.
Some of the more esoteric functions and modes of operation exist primarily to expose DACS core code for testing purposes.
AUTHOR
Distributed Systems Software (www.dss.ca[122])
COPYING
Copyright2003-2012 Distributed Systems Software. See the LICENSE[123] file that accompanies the distribution for licensing information.
NOTES
1. dacsexpr(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsexpr.1.html
2. Perl
http://www.perl.org/
3. PHP
http://www.php.net
4. Tcl
http://www.tcl.tk/about
5. isprint(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=isprint&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
6. print()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#print
7. cast
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#cast
8. dacs_authenticate(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html
9. dacs.conf(5)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html
10. dacs_acs(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html
11. environ(7)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=environ&apropos=0&sektion=7&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
12. exec()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#exec
13. list()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#list
14. length()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#length
15. strchars()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#strchars
16. expression grammar
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#expression_grammar
17. keysof()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#keysof
18. valuesof()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#valuesof
19. alist()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#alist
20. supported data types
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#data_types
21. variable reference
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#variables
22. dacs_notices(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_notices.8.html
23. alist construction operator
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#alists
24. listref()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#listref
25. VFS
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#VFS
26. revocation list
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html#revocation_list
27. access control rule
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html
28. on_success()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#on_success
29. AUTH_SUCCESS
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#AUTH_SUCCESS
30. ACS_SUCCESS
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ACS_SUCCESS
31. ADMIN_IDENTITY
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ADMIN_IDENTITY
32. approval stamp
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#dacs_approval
33. dacs64 decoding
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#encode
34. dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_list_jurisdictions.8.html
35. dacsauth(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsauth.1.html
36. dacscheck(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacscheck.1.html
37. encode()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#encode
38. cryptographic hash
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_digest
39. hash()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#hash
40. decode()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#decode
41. radix-85
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascii85
42. RFC 2045
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt
43. RFC 1738
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1738.txt
44. RFC 2396
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt
45. RFC 3986
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3986.txt
46. execv(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=execv&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
47. basename(1)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=basename&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
48. dirname(1)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dirname&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
49. stat
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#stat
50. stat(1)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=stat&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
51. stat(2)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=stat&apropos=0&sektion=2&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
52. printf(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=printf&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
53. test(1)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=test&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
54. mod_access
http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.2/mod/mod_access.html
55. RFC 1035
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1035.txt
56. CIDR notation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIDR_notation
57. RFC 1338
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1338.txt
58. range specification
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#range-spec
59. regmatch()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#regmatch
60. user()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#user
61. vfs_uri
http://bsd6.dss.ca/dacs/man/dacs.conf.5.html#VFS
62. digest()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#digest
63. message authentication code
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Authentication_Code
64. Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/fips/fips198-1/FIPS-198-1_final.pdf
65. Secure Hash Standard functions
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#SHA_functions
66. MD5 (RFC 2104)
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2104.txt
67. RFC 2253
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2253.txt
68. list construction operator
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#lists
69. dacspasswd(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacspasswd.1.html
70. PASSWORD_DIGEST
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#PASSWORD_DIGEST
71. PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#PASSWORD_SALT_PREFIX
72. local_passwd_authenticate
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#local_passwd_authenticate
73. vfs()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#vfs
74. PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#PASSWORD_CONSTRAINTS
75. dacs.conf(5)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#interpolation
76. RFC 2898
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2898.txt
77. RFC 3962
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3962.txt
78. LOG_FILTER
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#LOG_FILTER
79. cryptographically strong pseudo-random values
http://www.openssl.org/docs/crypto/RAND_bytes.html
80. strtr()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#strtr
81. ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ACS_ERROR_HANDLER
82. ErrorDocument directive
http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.2/mod/core.html#errordocument
83. Rlinks
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_acs.8.html#rlinks
84. permalinks
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalink
85. regex(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=regex&apropos=0&esektion=3&emanpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
86. re_format(7)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=re_format&sektion=7&apropos=0&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
87. access control rules
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.acls.5.html#elements
88. read-only namespace
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#reserved_namespaces
89. RFC 2617
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt
90. copy
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#setvar-copy
91. query
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#setvar-query
92. cgiparse(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/cgiparse.8.html
93. split
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#setvar-split
94. sleep(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sleep&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
95. sprintf(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=sprintf&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
96. strftime(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=strftime&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
97. strptime(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=strptime&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
98. tr(1)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=tr&apropos=0&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
99. DACS name
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#naming
00. RFC 822
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
01. RFC 952
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc952.txt
02. FEDERATION_NAME
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#FEDERATION_NAME
03. RFC 1123
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1123.txt
04. RFC 790
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc790.txt
05. JURISDICTION_NAME
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#JURISDICTION_NAME
06. strptime()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#strptime
07. localtime(3)
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=localtime&apropos=0&sektion=3&manpath=FreeBSD+9.0-RELEASE&format=html
08. dacstransform(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacstransform.1.html
09. transform_config()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#transform_config
10. concise user syntax
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#concise_user_syntax
11. transform()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#transform
12. ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#ACS_CREDENTIALS_LIMIT
13. from()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#from
14. dacs.groups(5)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.groups.5.html
15. styles
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_authenticate.8.html#STYLE
16. dacs_auth_agent(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_auth_agent.8.html
17. dacs_auth_transfer(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_auth_transfer.8.html
18. dacscookie(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacscookie.1.html
19. DACS username
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.1.html#dacs_identity
20. dacs.vfs(5)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.vfs.5.html
21. dacsvfs(1)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacsvfs.1.html
22. www.dss.ca
http://www.dss.ca
23. LICENSE
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../misc/LICENSE
DACS 1.4.27b 10/22/2012 DACS.EXPRS(5)