trycatch(3pm) [debian man page]
TryCatch(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation TryCatch(3pm) NAME
TryCatch - first class try catch semantics for Perl, without source filters. DESCRIPTION
This module aims to provide a nicer syntax and method to catch errors in Perl, similar to what is found in other languages (such as Java, Python or C++). The standard method of using "eval {}; if ($@) {}" is often prone to subtle bugs, primarily that its far too easy to stomp on the error in error handlers. And also eval/if isn't the nicest idiom. SYNOPSIS
use TryCatch; sub foo { my ($self) = @_; try { die Some::Class->new(code => 404 ) if $self->not_found; return "return value from foo"; } catch (Some::Class $e where { $_->code > 100 } ) { } } SYNTAX
This module aims to give first class exception handling to perl via 'try' and 'catch' keywords. The basic syntax this module provides is "try { # block }" followed by zero or more catch blocks. Each catch block has an optional type constraint on it the resembles Perl6's method signatures. Also worth noting is that the error variable ($@) is localised to the try/catch blocks and will not leak outside the scope, or stomp on a previous value of $@. The simplest case of a catch block is just catch { ... } where upon the error is available in the standard $@ variable and no type checking is performed. The exception can instead be accessed via a named lexical variable by providing a simple signature to the catch block as follows: catch ($err) { ... } Type checking of the exception can be performed by specifing a type constraint or where clauses in the signature as follows: catch (TypeFoo $e) { ... } catch (Dict[code => Int, message => Str] $err) { ... } As shown in the above example, complex Moose types can be used, including MooseX::Types style of type constraints In addition to type checking via Moose type constraints, you can also use where clauses to only match a certain sub-condition on an error. For example, assuming that "HTTPError" is a suitably defined TC: catch (HTTPError $e where { $_->code >= 400 && $_->code <= 499 } ) { return "4XX error"; } catch (HTTPError $e) { return "other http code"; } would return "4XX error" in the case of a 404 error, and "other http code" in the case of a 302. In the case where multiple catch blocks are present, the first one that matches the type constraints (if any) will executed. BENEFITS
return. You can put a return in a try block, and it would do the right thing - namely return a value from the subroutine you are in, instead of just from the eval block. Type Checking. This is nothing you couldn't do manually yourself, it does it for you using Moose type constraints. TODO
o Decide on "finally" semantics w.r.t return values. o Write some more documentation o Split out the dependancy on Moose SEE ALSO
MooseX::Types, Moose::Util::TypeConstraints, Parse::Method::Signatures. AUTHOR
Ash Berlin <ash@cpan.org> THANKS
Thanks to Matt S Trout and Florian Ragwitz for work on Devel::Declare and various B::Hooks modules Vincent Pit for Scope::Upper that makes the return from block possible. Zefram for providing support and XS guidance. Xavier Bergade for the impetus to finally fix this module in 5.12. LICENSE
Licensed under the same terms as Perl itself. perl v5.14.2 2010-10-13 TryCatch(3pm)
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Try::Tiny(3pm) User Contributed Perl Documentation Try::Tiny(3pm) NAME
Try::Tiny - minimal try/catch with proper localization of $@ SYNOPSIS
You can use Try::Tiny's "try" and "catch" to expect and handle exceptional conditions, avoiding quirks in Perl and common mistakes: # handle errors with a catch handler try { die "foo"; } catch { warn "caught error: $_"; # not $@ }; You can also use it like a stanalone "eval" to catch and ignore any error conditions. Obviously, this is an extreme measure not to be undertaken lightly: # just silence errors try { die "foo"; }; DESCRIPTION
This module provides bare bones "try"/"catch"/"finally" statements that are designed to minimize common mistakes with eval blocks, and NOTHING else. This is unlike TryCatch which provides a nice syntax and avoids adding another call stack layer, and supports calling "return" from the try block to return from the parent subroutine. These extra features come at a cost of a few dependencies, namely Devel::Declare and Scope::Upper which are occasionally problematic, and the additional catch filtering uses Moose type constraints which may not be desirable either. The main focus of this module is to provide simple and reliable error handling for those having a hard time installing TryCatch, but who still want to write correct "eval" blocks without 5 lines of boilerplate each time. It's designed to work as correctly as possible in light of the various pathological edge cases (see BACKGROUND) and to be compatible with any style of error values (simple strings, references, objects, overloaded objects, etc). If the try block dies, it returns the value of the last statement executed in the catch block, if there is one. Otherwise, it returns "undef" in scalar context or the empty list in list context. The following two examples both assign "bar" to $x. my $x = try { die "foo" } catch { "bar" }; my $x = eval { die "foo" } || "bar"; You can add finally blocks making the following true. my $x; try { die 'foo' } finally { $x = 'bar' }; try { die 'foo' } catch { warn "Got a die: $_" } finally { $x = 'bar' }; Finally blocks are always executed making them suitable for cleanup code which cannot be handled using local. You can add as many finally blocks to a given try block as you like. EXPORTS
All functions are exported by default using Exporter. If you need to rename the "try", "catch" or "finally" keyword consider using Sub::Import to get Sub::Exporter's flexibility. try (&;@) Takes one mandatory try subroutine, an optional catch subroutine & finally subroutine. The mandatory subroutine is evaluated in the context of an "eval" block. If no error occurred the value from the first block is returned, preserving list/scalar context. If there was an error and the second subroutine was given it will be invoked with the error in $_ (localized) and as that block's first and only argument. $@ does not contain the error. Inside the "catch" block it has the same value it had before the "try" block was executed. Note that the error may be false, but if that happens the "catch" block will still be invoked. Once all execution is finished then the finally block if given will execute. catch (&;$) Intended to be used in the second argument position of "try". Returns a reference to the subroutine it was given but blessed as "Try::Tiny::Catch" which allows try to decode correctly what to do with this code reference. catch { ... } Inside the catch block the caught error is stored in $_, while previous value of $@ is still available for use. This value may or may not be meaningful depending on what happened before the "try", but it might be a good idea to preserve it in an error stack. For code that captures $@ when throwing new errors (i.e. Class::Throwable), you'll need to do: local $@ = $_; finally (&;$) try { ... } catch { ... } finally { ... }; Or try { ... } finally { ... }; Or even try { ... } finally { ... } catch { ... }; Intended to be the second or third element of "try". Finally blocks are always executed in the event of a successful "try" or if "catch" is run. This allows you to locate cleanup code which cannot be done via "local()" e.g. closing a file handle. When invoked, the finally block is passed the error that was caught. If no error was caught, it is passed nothing. (Note that the finally block does not localize $_ with the error, since unlike in a catch block, there is no way to know if "$_ == undef" implies that there were no errors.) In other words, the following code does just what you would expect: try { die_sometimes(); } catch { # ...code run in case of error } finally { if (@_) { print "The try block died with: @_ "; } else { print "The try block ran without error. "; } }; You must always do your own error handling in the finally block. "Try::Tiny" will not do anything about handling possible errors coming from code located in these blocks. In the same way "catch()" blesses the code reference this subroutine does the same except it bless them as "Try::Tiny::Finally". BACKGROUND
There are a number of issues with "eval". Clobbering $@ When you run an eval block and it succeeds, $@ will be cleared, potentially clobbering an error that is currently being caught. This causes action at a distance, clearing previous errors your caller may have not yet handled. $@ must be properly localized before invoking "eval" in order to avoid this issue. More specifically, $@ is clobbered at the beginning of the "eval", which also makes it impossible to capture the previous error before you die (for instance when making exception objects with error stacks). For this reason "try" will actually set $@ to its previous value (before the localization) in the beginning of the "eval" block. Localizing $@ silently masks errors Inside an eval block "die" behaves sort of like: sub die { $@ = $_[0]; return_undef_from_eval(); } This means that if you were polite and localized $@ you can't die in that scope, or your error will be discarded (printing "Something's wrong" instead). The workaround is very ugly: my $error = do { local $@; eval { ... }; $@; }; ... die $error; $@ might not be a true value This code is wrong: if ( $@ ) { ... } because due to the previous caveats it may have been unset. $@ could also be an overloaded error object that evaluates to false, but that's asking for trouble anyway. The classic failure mode is: sub Object::DESTROY { eval { ... } } eval { my $obj = Object->new; die "foo"; }; if ( $@ ) { } In this case since "Object::DESTROY" is not localizing $@ but still uses "eval", it will set $@ to "". The destructor is called when the stack is unwound, after "die" sets $@ to "foo at Foo.pm line 42 ", so by the time "if ( $@ )" is evaluated it has been cleared by "eval" in the destructor. The workaround for this is even uglier than the previous ones. Even though we can't save the value of $@ from code that doesn't localize, we can at least be sure the eval was aborted due to an error: my $failed = not eval { ... return 1; }; This is because an "eval" that caught a "die" will always return a false value. SHINY SYNTAX
Using Perl 5.10 you can use "Switch statements" in perlsyn. The "catch" block is invoked in a topicalizer context (like a "given" block), but note that you can't return a useful value from "catch" using the "when" blocks without an explicit "return". This is somewhat similar to Perl 6's "CATCH" blocks. You can use it to concisely match errors: try { require Foo; } catch { when (/^Can't locate .*?.pm in @INC/) { } # ignore default { die $_ } }; CAVEATS
o @_ is not available within the "try" block, so you need to copy your arglist. In case you want to work with argument values directly via @_ aliasing (i.e. allow "$_[1] = "foo""), you need to pass @_ by reference: sub foo { my ( $self, @args ) = @_; try { $self->bar(@args) } } or sub bar_in_place { my $self = shift; my $args = @_; try { $_ = $self->bar($_) for @$args } } o "return" returns from the "try" block, not from the parent sub (note that this is also how "eval" works, but not how TryCatch works): sub parent_sub { try { die; } catch { return; }; say "this text WILL be displayed, even though an exception is thrown"; } Instead, you should capture the return value: sub parent_sub { my $success = try { die; 1; } return unless $success; say "This text WILL NEVER appear!"; } Note that if you have a catch block, it must return undef for this to work, since if a catch block exists, its return value is returned in place of undef when an exception is thrown. o "try" introduces another caller stack frame. Sub::Uplevel is not used. Carp will not report this when using full stack traces, though, because %Carp::Internal is used. This lack of magic is considered a feature. o The value of $_ in the "catch" block is not guaranteed to be the value of the exception thrown ($@) in the "try" block. There is no safe way to ensure this, since "eval" may be used unhygenically in destructors. The only guarantee is that the "catch" will be called if an exception is thrown. o The return value of the "catch" block is not ignored, so if testing the result of the expression for truth on success, be sure to return a false value from the "catch" block: my $obj = try { MightFail->new; } catch { ... return; # avoid returning a true value; }; return unless $obj; o $SIG{__DIE__} is still in effect. Though it can be argued that $SIG{__DIE__} should be disabled inside of "eval" blocks, since it isn't people have grown to rely on it. Therefore in the interests of compatibility, "try" does not disable $SIG{__DIE__} for the scope of the error throwing code. o Lexical $_ may override the one set by "catch". For example Perl 5.10's "given" form uses a lexical $_, creating some confusing behavior: given ($foo) { when (...) { try { ... } catch { warn $_; # will print $foo, not the error warn $_[0]; # instead, get the error like this } } } SEE ALSO
TryCatch Much more feature complete, more convenient semantics, but at the cost of implementation complexity. autodie Automatic error throwing for builtin functions and more. Also designed to work well with "given"/"when". Throwable A lightweight role for rolling your own exception classes. Error Exception object implementation with a "try" statement. Does not localize $@. Exception::Class::TryCatch Provides a "catch" statement, but properly calling "eval" is your responsibility. The "try" keyword pushes $@ onto an error stack, avoiding some of the issues with $@, but you still need to localize to prevent clobbering. LIGHTNING TALK
I gave a lightning talk about this module, you can see the slides (Firefox only): <http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/takahashi.xul?data=yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.txt> Or read the source: <http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.yml> VERSION CONTROL
http://github.com/nothingmuch/try-tiny/ <http://github.com/nothingmuch/try-tiny/> AUTHOR
Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org> COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2009 Yuval Kogman. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the MIT license. perl v5.12.4 2011-08-30 Try::Tiny(3pm)