bytes(3pm) [centos man page]
bytes(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide bytes(3pm) NAME
bytes - Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character semantics NOTICE
This pragma reflects early attempts to incorporate Unicode into perl and has since been superseded. It breaks encapsulation (i.e. it exposes the innards of how the perl executable currently happens to store a string), and use of this module for anything other than debugging purposes is strongly discouraged. If you feel that the functions here within might be useful for your application, this possibly indicates a mismatch between your mental model of Perl Unicode and the current reality. In that case, you may wish to read some of the perl Unicode documentation: perluniintro, perlunitut, perlunifaq and perlunicode. SYNOPSIS
use bytes; ... chr(...); # or bytes::chr ... index(...); # or bytes::index ... length(...); # or bytes::length ... ord(...); # or bytes::ord ... rindex(...); # or bytes::rindex ... substr(...); # or bytes::substr no bytes; DESCRIPTION
The "use bytes" pragma disables character semantics for the rest of the lexical scope in which it appears. "no bytes" can be used to reverse the effect of "use bytes" within the current lexical scope. Perl normally assumes character semantics in the presence of character data (i.e. data that has come from a source that has been marked as being of a particular character encoding). When "use bytes" is in effect, the encoding is temporarily ignored, and each string is treated as a series of bytes. As an example, when Perl sees "$x = chr(400)", it encodes the character in UTF-8 and stores it in $x. Then it is marked as character data, so, for instance, "length $x" returns 1. However, in the scope of the "bytes" pragma, $x is treated as a series of bytes - the bytes that make up the UTF8 encoding - and "length $x" returns 2: $x = chr(400); print "Length is ", length $x, " "; # "Length is 1" printf "Contents are %vd ", $x; # "Contents are 400" { use bytes; # or "require bytes; bytes::length()" print "Length is ", length $x, " "; # "Length is 2" printf "Contents are %vd ", $x; # "Contents are 198.144" } chr(), ord(), substr(), index() and rindex() behave similarly. For more on the implications and differences between character semantics and byte semantics, see perluniintro and perlunicode. LIMITATIONS
bytes::substr() does not work as an lvalue(). SEE ALSO
perluniintro, perlunicode, utf8 perl v5.16.3 2013-02-26 bytes(3pm)
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utf8(3pm) Perl Programmers Reference Guide utf8(3pm) NAME
utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code SYNOPSIS
use utf8; no utf8; # Convert the internal representation of a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8. $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string); $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]); # Change each character of a Perl scalar to/from a series of # characters that represent the UTF-8 bytes of each original character. utf8::encode($string); # "x{100}" becomes "xc4x80" utf8::decode($string); # "xc4x80" becomes "x{100}" $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING); # since Perl 5.8.1 $flag = utf8::valid(STRING); DESCRIPTION
The "use utf8" pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the program text in the current lexical scope (allow UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms). The "no utf8" pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating the source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope. Do not use this pragma for anything else than telling Perl that your script is written in UTF-8. The utility functions described below are directly usable without "use utf8;". Because it is not possible to reliably tell UTF-8 from native 8 bit encodings, you need either a Byte Order Mark at the beginning of your source code, or "use utf8;", to instruct perl. When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this pragma will effectively become a no-op. For convenience in what follows the term UTF-X is used to refer to UTF-8 on ASCII and ISO Latin based platforms and UTF-EBCDIC on EBCDIC based platforms. See also the effects of the "-C" switch and its cousin, the $ENV{PERL_UNICODE}, in perlrun. Enabling the "utf8" pragma has the following effect: o Bytes in the source text that have their high-bit set will be treated as being part of a literal UTF-X sequence. This includes most literals such as identifier names, string constants, and constant regular expression patterns. On EBCDIC platforms characters in the Latin 1 character set are treated as being part of a literal UTF-EBCDIC character. Note that if you have bytes with the eighth bit on in your script (for example embedded Latin-1 in your string literals), "use utf8" will be unhappy since the bytes are most probably not well-formed UTF-X. If you want to have such bytes under "use utf8", you can disable this pragma until the end the block (or file, if at top level) by "no utf8;". Utility functions The following functions are defined in the "utf8::" package by the Perl core. You do not need to say "use utf8" to use these and in fact you should not say that unless you really want to have UTF-8 source code. o $num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string) Converts in-place the internal representation of the string from an octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC) to UTF-X. The logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If $string is already stored as UTF-X, then this is a no-op. Returns the number of octets necessary to represent the string as UTF-X. Can be used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is on, so that "w" or "lc()" work as Unicode on strings containing characters in the range 0x80-0xFF (on ASCII and derivatives). Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings. Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also Encode. o $success = utf8::downgrade($string[, FAIL_OK]) Converts in-place the the internal representation of the string from UTF-X to the equivalent octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC). The logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If $string is already stored as native 8 bit, then this is a no-op. Can be used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is off, e.g. when you want to make sure that the substr() or length() function works with the usually faster byte algorithm. Fails if the original UTF-X sequence cannot be represented in the native 8 bit encoding. On failure dies or, if the value of "FAIL_OK" is true, returns false. Returns true on success. Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings. Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also Encode. o utf8::encode($string) Converts in-place the character sequence to the corresponding octet sequence in UTF-X. That is, every (possibly wide) character gets replaced with a sequence of one or more characters that represent the individual UTF-X bytes of the character. The UTF8 flag is turned off. Returns nothing. my $a = "x{100}"; # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100 utf8::encode($a); # $a contains two characters, with ords 0xc4 and 0x80 Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings. Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also Encode. o $success = utf8::decode($string) Attempts to convert in-place the octet sequence in UTF-X to the corresponding character sequence. That is, it replaces each sequence of characters in the string whose ords represent a valid UTF-X byte sequence, with the corresponding single character. The UTF-8 flag is turned on only if the source string contains multiple-byte UTF-X characters. If $string is invalid as UTF-X, returns false; otherwise returns true. my $a = "xc4x80"; # $a contains two characters, with ords 0xc4 and 0x80 utf8::decode($a); # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100 Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings. Therefore Encode is recommended for the general purposes; see also Encode. o $flag = utf8::is_utf8(STRING) (Since Perl 5.8.1) Test whether STRING is in UTF-8 internally. Functionally the same as Encode::is_utf8(). o $flag = utf8::valid(STRING) [INTERNAL] Test whether STRING is in a consistent state regarding UTF-8. Will return true is well-formed UTF-8 and has the UTF-8 flag on or if string is held as bytes (both these states are 'consistent'). Main reason for this routine is to allow Perl's testsuite to check that operations have left strings in a consistent state. You most probably want to use utf8::is_utf8() instead. "utf8::encode" is like "utf8::upgrade", but the UTF8 flag is cleared. See perlunicode for more on the UTF8 flag and the C API functions "sv_utf8_upgrade", "sv_utf8_downgrade", "sv_utf8_encode", and "sv_utf8_decode", which are wrapped by the Perl functions "utf8::upgrade", "utf8::downgrade", "utf8::encode" and "utf8::decode". Also, the functions utf8::is_utf8, utf8::valid, utf8::encode, utf8::decode, utf8::upgrade, and utf8::downgrade are actually internal, and thus always available, without a "require utf8" statement. BUGS
One can have Unicode in identifier names, but not in package/class or subroutine names. While some limited functionality towards this does exist as of Perl 5.8.0, that is more accidental than designed; use of Unicode for the said purposes is unsupported. One reason of this unfinishedness is its (currently) inherent unportability: since both package names and subroutine names may need to be mapped to file and directory names, the Unicode capability of the filesystem becomes important-- and there unfortunately aren't portable answers. SEE ALSO
perlunitut, perluniintro, perlrun, bytes, perlunicode perl v5.12.1 2010-04-26 utf8(3pm)