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Operating Systems Linux How do I boost the Linux performace
# 1  
Old 11-03-2008
How do I boost the Linux performace
Hi All,

I installed Linux recently on my PC and finding it difficult to boost its performance.
It takes hell lot of time to open Mozilla, text pad , & even the booting process is too slow, many a times I got to manually power off to shutdown the computer.

I will be glad if you could help me boost the Linux performance on my PC.

Please take a look at the following details
1) Linux distribution : CentOS 5
2) RAM : 1 GB
3) AMD 2 GHz Processor
4) 80 GB of hard drive

TOP outut:

top - 11:03:46 up 1:11, 2 users, load average: 0.26, 0.33, 0.78
Tasks: 155 total, 2 running, 153 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 7.5%us, 5.9%sy, 0.0%ni, 86.1%id, 0.2%wa, 0.2%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 903652k total, 891696k used, 11956k free, 5936k buffers
Swap: 1835000k total, 142072k used, 1692928k free, 694892k cached

PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
3876 Tom 16 0 88580 11m 7244 S 12 1.3 0:07.03 gnome-terminal
3623 Tom 5 -10 760m 280m 271m S 10 31.8 24:56.90 vmware-vmx
3323 root 15 0 220m 14m 8032 R 3 1.7 3:06.25 Xorg
3614 Tom 15 0 104m 5212 3132 S 1 0.6 1:08.58 vmplayer
4223 Tom 15 0 2192 1048 796 R 0 0.1 0:00.30 top
1 root 15 0 2060 544 524 S 0 0.1 0:00.55 init
2 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
3 root 34 19 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/0
4 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0
5 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/1
6 root 35 19 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ksoftirqd/1
7 root RT -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/1
8 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.19 events/0
9 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.22 events/1
10 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper
11 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kthread
15 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd/0
16 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.07 kblockd/1
17 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpid
126 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/0
127 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/1
130 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 khubd
132 root 12 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.03 kseriod
200 root 18 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:06.24 pdflush
201 root 15 0 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:06.21 pdflush
202 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:11.25 kswapd0
203 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 aio/0
204 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 aio/1
356 root 11 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 kpsmoused
388 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ata/0
389 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ata/1
390 root 14 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_aux
394 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 scsi_eh_0
395 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0 0.0 0:00.00 scsi_eh_1

Any help would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks in advance..
Last edited by jayfriend; 11-04-2008 at 11:15 AM..
# 2  
Old 11-03-2008
It looks like VMware is taking a good chunk of your memory. Turn it off and see if that helps some. You also might consider increasing your RAM.
# 3  
Old 11-03-2008
issue the following command:

Code:
vmstat 10 > /some/file

and let it run for some time - 10 minutes or so - while you are working normally. Then post the content of the file here to discuss things further.

It is vital in any tuning project not to jump to any conclusions too fast. First gather the data, then arrange it, only then interpret it. Only when you know what the bottleneck on your system is it makes sense to talk about tuning measures.

"Increase RAM" may in most cases help, because most machines can do better with more RAM and even if it does not help it will not hurt either. But this is like "get yourself more money" as an advice to any problem: sure, it won't hurt, but it might not be a cure for every problem either.

I hope this helps.

bakunin
# 4  
Old 11-04-2008
Quote:
Originally Posted by bakunin
issue the following command:

Code:
vmstat 10 > /some/file

and let it run for some time - 10 minutes or so - while you are working normally. Then post the content of the file here to discuss things further.

It is vital in any tuning project not to jump to any conclusions too fast. First gather the data, then arrange it, only then interpret it. Only when you know what the bottleneck on your system is it makes sense to talk about tuning measures.

"Increase RAM" may in most cases help, because most machines can do better with more RAM and even if it does not help it will not hurt either. But this is like "get yourself more money" as an advice to any problem: sure, it won't hurt, but it might not be a cure for every problem either.

I hope this helps.

bakunin
Thank you Dangral and Bakunin !

I see something interesting on system monitor.
only 20-25% of RAM & around 8% of swap are being utilized on average.
Please take a look at the following Vmstat output as well.


Code:
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 2  0 132852  21592   1824 715088   17   40   811   758  650  674  5 28 44 23  0
 1  0 132852  20576   1876 716684    0    0    80   376 1232 1027  1 50 47  2  0
 1  0 132852  19340   1944 718132    0    0   112    52 1167 1085  2 46 48  4  0
 1  0 132820  10876   2120 724484   42    0   362   391 1438 2151  8 41 40 12  0
 1  0 132820   8956   2156 726772    0    0   323  2333 1169 2637  3 36 44 17  0
 1  0 132820   9076   2248 729420    0    0   304  2396 1179 2307  3 34 40 24  0
 1  0 132820   8776   1768 730760    0    0   227  2014 1135 2889  3 35 36 26  0
 0  1 132436  43624    400 694532  300    0   561  1952 1356 2809  5 36 39 20  0
 1  2 132432  12028    784 725380   11    0  2924  2182 1583 2183 13 21 32 35  0
 0  3 132460   7464   1116 729484    0    5  1032  2900 1459 1321 13 12 27 48  0
 1  0 132596   8368   1244 727080    0   17   807   628 1103 1108  3 38 46 13  0
 1  1 132596   8400   1300 729680    3    0    86     9 1200 1684  5 47 46  3  0
 1  1 132784   9124   1324 725332  290   14  1041  1519 1363 3022 10 31 31 28  0
 1  0 132812   8316   1552 726088   18    0  2160  1574 1714 1792  5 21 41 33  0
 2  0 132812  28580   1352 705020   23    8  1278  2923 1945 1224  4 30 30 37  0
 1  2 132812   7988   1284 725932   26    3  2938   190 1213 1995 15 31 36 19  0
 1  2 132684   9768   1520 723504   37    0   911   152 1381 1843  7 42 39 12  0
 0  1 132684   9192   2516 721752  121    0  1655   449 1183 1715  5 31 23 42  0
 1  0 132684   8348   2616 721604    0    0   716  1678 1328 2494  3 28 43 27  0
 1  0 132684   8384   2692 721284    0    0   294   512 1530 1354  1 42 45 11  0
 1  0 132684   9720   2724 720456    0    0     7    29 1333 1101  1 50 48  1  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 3  0 132684   9412   3024 721216    2    0    78   102 1191  998  1 49 46  4  0
 2  0 132684   9432   3176 719912    0    0   316   205 1061 1035  2 50 44  4  0
 2  0 132684  12104   2840 717572    0    0   127    18 1339 1446  3 49 46  2  0
 2  0 132684  12208   2860 717808    0    0    12   123 1222 1077  2 50 48  1  0
 1  0 132684  12292   2892 717876    0    0     9    32 1023  931  1 50 49  0  0
 1  0 132684  12372   2908 717876    0    0     0    26 1022  909  1 50 49  0  0
 1  0 132684  12296   2932 718000    0    0    13   111 1031  858  1 50 49  0  0
 1  0 132684  12452   2956 718044    0    0     2   291 1063  792  0 50 47  3  0
 1  0 132684  12452   2972 718104    0    0     2    28 1020  846  1 50 49  0  0
 1  0 132684  11788   2996 718356    0    0    27    14 1447 1402  3 50 48  0  0
 1  2 132636   9560   2528 716220  454    0  1154  2434 1712 1488  5 42 29 25  0
 0 11 132932  19788   2248 707724   88   51  1100  4386 1883 1250  5 23 19 53  0
 1  2 132760   9528   3916 708464  396    0  1780   708 1729 1887  7 26 17 51  0
 0  4 132572  11688   3336 705880   99    0  1269  3197 1716 1902  8 26 10 56  0
 1  1 132572   8516   2076 710912    0    0   262  2832 1298 1440  4 32 33 31  0
 2  1 132572   8560   2324 710920    0    0   441  1301 1090 1159  2 41 42 15  0
 1  1 132572   7748    732 715460   84    0  5805   447 1215 1911  5 26 35 33  0
 1  0 132572  20016    520 703148    0    0    44    91 1037  965  2 30 61  6  0
 3  0 132572  18648    704 704708    0    0   107   154 1047 1005  2 27 64  7  0
 1  0 132572  15124    912 707860    0    0   236    92 1047 1022  3 24 66  6  0
 2  0 132572  15064    940 708132    2    0    27   225 1050  942  4 10 84  2  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 9  0 132572  15060    964 708216    0    0     6    16 1019  896  4  6 89  1  0
 2  0 132572  14688   1004 708252    0    0     6    16 1153 1092  5  7 88  1  0
 2  0 132572  14380   1032 708256    0    0     8   106 1406 1474  8  6 85  1  0
 2  0 132572  14832   1040 708356    0    0     2     5 1350 1453  7  6 87  0  0
 1  0 132572  12536   1328 709660   33    0   196    30 1306 1250  6  9 78  8  0
 4  0 132572  10976   1452 711248    0    0   152    47 1530 1354 12 11 69  8  0
 6  0 132572  10112   1476 711460    2    0    30   108 1523 1308  8  6 85  2  0
 1  0 132572  21088   1456 700132    0    0     2   170 1207 1146  6  5 87  1  0
 3  0 132572  20416   1528 700732   30    0    98     2 1350 1426  8  5 84  2  0
 4  0 132572  16784   1672 703648  121    0   410    26 1535 1845 11  7 73  9  0
 5  0 132572   9260   1900 714436    6    0  1000   112 1429 1568  6 15 58 21  0
 4  0 132572   9416   2020 713060    1    0  1186   206 1327 1621  5 13 60 22  0
 4  0 132572   8732   2056 713288    0    0    40   402 1031  964  4  5 88  3  0
 2  0 132572   8692   2076 713272    0    0    28   407 1030  962  4  6 89  2  0
 3  0 132572   9452   2100 712348    0    0    14   346 1036  926  3  5 90  2  0
 3  0 132572   8908   2108 712384    0    0     4     2 1013  887  3  5 90  2  0
 3  0 132572   8668   2116 712532    0    0    25     6 1021  941  4  6 88  2  0
 1  0 132572  10656   2120 710164    0    0    12    98 1037  966  4  5 89  2  0
 1  0 132572  10656   2144 710160    3    0     5     9 1077  980  3  5 89  2  0
 2  0 132572  12172   2144 708776   16    0    97  1536 1762 1394  6  7 68 19  0
 1  0 132572  12172   2152 708784    0    0     0     2 1016  921  4  5 91  0  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 6  0 132572  12300   2164 708788    0    0     1     2 1013  889  3  5 90  2  0
 2  0 132572  12424   2172 708800    0    0     1     2 1013  912  3  5 92  0  0
 4  0 132572  12424   2184 708800    0    0     0    88 1033  925  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  12440   2192 708800    0    0     0     2 1014  905  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  12432   2208 708824    0    0     3   159 1044  902  3  5 91  1  0
 3  0 132572  12444   2216 709324    0    0    55    10 1019  912  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  12444   2228 709364    1    0     1     4 1014  896  4  5 92  0  0
 3  0 132572  12444   2240 709372    0    0     0   109 1034  893  3  5 92  0  0
 3  0 132572  12448   2248 709372    0    0     0     2 1017  931  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  11704   2264 709372    0    0     1   253 1040  910  3  5 91  1  0
 1  0 132572  11704   2280 709372    0    0     1   203 1038  928  3  5 91  1  0
 3  0 132572  11704   2296 709376    0    0     0    14 1020  901  3  5 92  0  0
 3  0 132572  11828   2304 709376    0    0     0     8 1016  887  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  11580   2316 709380    0    0     1   173 1038  894  3  5 91  1  0
 2  0 132572  11220   2324 709680    0    0    36     2 1018  938  3  5 92  0  0
 1  0 132572  11476   2332 709740    0    0     0   103 1031  889  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  11476   2340 709748    0    0     2     6 1017  916  3  5 92  0  0
 2  0 132572  11116   2356 710252    0    0    48     2 1020  915  3  5 90  2  0
 4  0 132572  11116   2372 710300    0    0     3    91 1030  908  3  5 91  1  0
 5  2 132576   7356   2412 713352    0    0   310    12 1499 1772  7 11 74  8  0
 4  0 133740  18752   1808 704080    0  150  1292   420 1348 1668  6 16 40 39  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 8  1 133740   9508   1928 712272    0    0   974  1127 1451 1805  6 18 43 33  0
 1  0 133740   8488   1964 713092    5    0   386    23 1106 1225  5 12 74  9  0
 1  0 133740   8348   1988 713116    0    0     5   546 1096  942  4  5 87  5  0
 1  0 133740   9284   2068 711320   66    0   382    19 1037 1033  6 15 73  6  0
 1  0 133740   8308   2092 712056    0    0     9   457 1424 1286  4 12 81  3  0
 2  0 133740   9236   2088 711536    0    0   237   613 1550 1336  4 11 79  6  0
 2  0 133740   8464   2100 712028    0    0    22   562 1482 1357  4 10 83  3  0
 0  0 133676  11264   1752 709168   16    0    42   535 1540 1568  6 12 72 10  0
 1  0 133676  11148   1760 709156    0    0     0     8 1075  976 11  6 83  0  0
 0  0 133676  11180   1776 709160    0    0     2   160 1040  898  4  5 91  1  0
 0  0 133676  11576   1784 709164    0    0     0     2 1012  895  3  4 92  0  0
 0  0 133676  12024   1792 709176    0    0     2     2 1018  904  4  5 89  2  0
 1  0 133676  11040   1808 709528    0    0    35   454 1087  899  3  5 89  3  0
 0  0 133676  11164   1824 709528    0    0     1   225 1053  898  3  5 91  1  0
 1  0 133676  11552   1832 709528    0    0     0     8 1020  889  3  4 93  0  0
 0  0 133676  11536   1840 709528    0    0     0     2 1016  904  3  5 92  0  0
 0  0 133676  10916   1848 709544    0    0     2   401 1087  941  3  5 86  6  0
 0  0 133676  10916   1856 709544    0    0     0    10 1016  911  3  5 92  0  0
 0  0 133676  11168   1692 708324    0    0   290   422 1352 1466  6 16 54 24  0
 0  0 133676  11108   1712 708604    2    0    33    16 1061 1087  5  8 85  2  0
 0  0 133676  11500   1736 708912    0    0    30   211 1068 1113  4  9 84  2  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 5  0 133676   8884   1588 711956    0    0   906   536 1182 1542  5 11 56 27  0
 0  0 133676   9028   1664 710848   13    0  1464  1114 1340 2249  6 16 34 44  0
 1  0 133676   8984   1692 711044    0    0    14   350 1205 1230  4  9 83  3  0
 3  0 133676  12684   1616 707512    2    0     4    22 1197 1161  6  5 88  0  0
 1  0 133676  11932   1648 708020    0    0    46    10 1018  958  4  4 90  1  0
 0  0 133676  14608   1708 709160    0    0   117    22 1029  992  4 10 83  4  0
 0  0 133676  14128   1720 709220    0    0     4   180 1042  917  4  5 90  1  0
 0  0 133676  13840   1756 709280    0    0     4   431 1415 1606  9  6 82  4  0
 0  0 133676  13316   1780 709316    0    0     5   162 1479 1252 12  6 81  1  0
 1  0 133676  13032   1788 709644    0    0    33    14 1502 1292 16  7 77  0  0
 0  0 133676  12988   1800 709684    0    0     4     3 1141 1014  5  5 90  0  0
 0  0 133676  13136   1812 709684    0    0     0     3 1017  892  3  5 92  0  0
 0  0 133676  12664   1832 709756    2    0    11   476 1348 1258  4  6 87  3  0
 0  0 133676  11704   1940 709232  159    0   373    49 1381 1508 17  7 69  8  0
 0  0 133676  11844   1948 709232    0    0     0    11 1471 1467 12  6 82  0  0
 0  0 133676  12352   1976 708068    3    0     5   450 1401 1462 12  7 78  3  0
 0  0 133676  12808   1992 708080    2    0     2    16 1490 1913 20  8 72  0  0
 0  0 133676  12080   2008 708172    3    0    14    12 1156 1095  6  5 89  1  0
 0  0 133676  12220   2024 708188    0    0     1   306 1311 1158  5  5 87  3  0
 0  0 133676  12220   2040 708180    0    0     0    14 1045  986  5  5 91  0  0
 0  0 133676  12220   2048 708188    0    0     0     6 1043 1039  6  5 90  0  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 3  0 133676  12220   2056 708200    0    0     1    16 1023 1053  6  5 89  0  0
 0  0 133676  11972   2084 708244    0    0     6   512 1142 1000  6  5 86  3  0
 1  0 133676  12096   2092 708244    0    0     0     6 1026 1088  7  5 88  0  0
 0  0 133676  12916   2076 706736    3    0     3    16 1023 1001  6  5 89  0  0
 0  0 133676  14500   2088 704944    0    0     1   377 1075 1034  8  6 83  3  0
 0  0 133676  14312   2096 705048    0    0    17     2 1020  977  5  5 90  0  0
 0  0 133676  14312   2120 705104    0    0     1   320 1065  981  5  5 88  2  0
 0  0 133676  14444   2128 705112    0    0     0     7 1021 1020  6  5 90  0  0
 0  0 133676  14444   2136 705112    2    0     2     7 1022 1008  5  5 89  0  0
 0  0 133676  14320   2148 705112    3    0     3   135 1042 1012  6  5 89  1  0
 3  0 133676  14568   2176 705112    0    0     1   453 1078  958  4  5 88  3  0
 0  0 133676  12836   2200 705396  116    0   145     8 1281 1351  7  6 84  2  0
 1  0 133676  12968   2208 705412    0    0     1     7 1015  934  4  7 89  0  0
 7  0 133676  12348   2220 705412    0    0     2   133 1038 1005  5  5 90  0  0
 0  0 133676  12168   2244 705432    0    0    13   378 1079 1115  7  5 85  3  0
 0  0 133676  12252   2252 705548    0    0     0     8 1025 1051  6  5 89  0  0
 0  0 133676  12208   2260 705564    0    0     2     8 1020  968  5  5 90  0  0
 0  0 133676  11960   2288 705564    0    0     2   588 1113 1031  5  5 86  4  0
 0  0 133676  12108   2296 705564    8    0     8    10 1026 1076  7  5 88  0  0
 0  0 133676  11796   2304 705764    0    0    20     7 1019  924  4  5 91  0  0
 2  0 133676  11672   2316 705764    0    0     0     2 1025 1087  7  5 88  0  0
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
 3  0 133676  11672   2352 705764    0    0     2   555 1093 1048  6  5 86  4  0
 2  0 133676  11548   2368 705756    0    0     0    11 1018  961  5  5 90  0  0
 0  0 133676  11556   2376 705764    0    0     3     2 1024 1106  7  5 89  0  0
 0  0 133676  11680   2384 705796    0    0     0     7 1021 1060  7  5 88  0  0
 0  1 133676  16516   2240 701132    0    0     1   531 1074 1040  7  5 86  2  0

Last edited by bakunin; 11-04-2008 at 11:53 AM.. Reason: Please use code-tags!
# 5  
Old 11-04-2008
I will elaborate further on this later, just a few impressions on first glance:

Your system seems to have not enough RAM for what you are doing. The result is some heavy swapping going on. The vmstat output is somewhat different from the system i usually work on (AIX), but a few things never change:

Look at the first two columns, named "r" and "b". The "r" is the number of running processes at that time, "b" is the number of blocked processes. "blocked" means the process would be ready to run but has to wait for some reason. In a majority of cases this is because it was swapped out earlier and now is waiting until swapping it in has finished.

The depth of the blocked-queue should therefore ideally be a constant zero - everything else is alarming.

On the right part of the output the CPU activity is shown. "us" "sy" "id" "wa" are percent values and add up to 100. They show how much time the CPU has spent in user space, system routines, idling and waiting. In an ideal world the CPU would spent most of its time in us and sy, the rest would go to id and wa would be 0. Every time the wa value is bigger than 0 this means that the CPU has found nothing productive to do. Most of the times this is also a side effect of processes swapping in and out, because as long as the swapping goes on the CPU can do nothing but wait, save for the few system calls necessary for the swapping itself.

Ok, I'm in a bit of a hurry, later more.

bakunin
# 6  
Old 11-04-2008
I second the notion that VMWARE is using a lot of memory. Are you running Windows within your Linux box? If not, I'd turn of VM or use another solution.

So if you end up still needing swap, get a second disk drive and put the swap partition on the second drive. Unless using scsi, that drive should be on the secondary IDE / STATA channel.
# 7  
Old 11-05-2008
Quote:
Originally Posted by bakunin
I will elaborate further on this later, just a few impressions on first glance:

Your system seems to have not enough RAM for what you are doing. The result is some heavy swapping going on. The vmstat output is somewhat different from the system i usually work on (AIX), but a few things never change:

Look at the first two columns, named "r" and "b". The "r" is the number of running processes at that time, "b" is the number of blocked processes. "blocked" means the process would be ready to run but has to wait for some reason. In a majority of cases this is because it was swapped out earlier and now is waiting until swapping it in has finished.

The depth of the blocked-queue should therefore ideally be a constant zero - everything else is alarming.

On the right part of the output the CPU activity is shown. "us" "sy" "id" "wa" are percent values and add up to 100. They show how much time the CPU has spent in user space, system routines, idling and waiting. In an ideal world the CPU would spent most of its time in us and sy, the rest would go to id and wa would be 0. Every time the wa value is bigger than 0 this means that the CPU has found nothing productive to do. Most of the times this is also a side effect of processes swapping in and out, because as long as the swapping goes on the CPU can do nothing but wait, save for the few system calls necessary for the swapping itself.

Ok, I'm in a bit of a hurry, later more.

bakunin
Thank you bakunin!
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