SET 
TRANSACTION(7)					  PostgreSQL 9.2.7 Documentation					SET TRANSACTION(7)

NAME

       SET_TRANSACTION - set the characteristics of the current transaction

SYNOPSIS

       SET TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]
       SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT snapshot_id
       SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS AS TRANSACTION transaction_mode [, ...]

       where transaction_mode is one of:

	   ISOLATION LEVEL { SERIALIZABLE | REPEATABLE READ | READ COMMITTED | READ UNCOMMITTED }
	   READ WRITE | READ ONLY
	   [ NOT ] DEFERRABLE

DESCRIPTION

       The SET TRANSACTION command sets the characteristics of the current transaction. It has no effect on any subsequent transactions.  SET
       SESSION CHARACTERISTICS sets the default transaction characteristics for subsequent transactions of a session. These defaults can be
       overridden by SET TRANSACTION for an individual transaction.

       The available transaction characteristics are the transaction isolation level, the transaction access mode (read/write or read-only), and
       the deferrable mode. In addition, a snapshot can be selected, though only for the current transaction, not as a session default.

       The isolation level of a transaction determines what data the transaction can see when other transactions are running concurrently:

       READ COMMITTED
	   A statement can only see rows committed before it began. This is the default.

       REPEATABLE READ
	   All statements of the current transaction can only see rows committed before the first query or data-modification statement was
	   executed in this transaction.

       SERIALIZABLE
	   All statements of the current transaction can only see rows committed before the first query or data-modification statement was
	   executed in this transaction. If a pattern of reads and writes among concurrent serializable transactions would create a situation
	   which could not have occurred for any serial (one-at-a-time) execution of those transactions, one of them will be rolled back with a
	   serialization_failure error.
       The SQL standard defines one additional level, READ UNCOMMITTED. In PostgreSQL READ UNCOMMITTED is treated as READ COMMITTED.

       The transaction isolation level cannot be changed after the first query or data-modification statement (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE,
       FETCH, or COPY) of a transaction has been executed. See Chapter 13, Concurrency Control, in the documentation for more information about
       transaction isolation and concurrency control.

       The transaction access mode determines whether the transaction is read/write or read-only. Read/write is the default. When a transaction is
       read-only, the following SQL commands are disallowed: INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and COPY FROM if the table they would write to is not a
       temporary table; all CREATE, ALTER, and DROP commands; COMMENT, GRANT, REVOKE, TRUNCATE; and EXPLAIN ANALYZE and EXECUTE if the command
       they would execute is among those listed. This is a high-level notion of read-only that does not prevent all writes to disk.

       The DEFERRABLE transaction property has no effect unless the transaction is also SERIALIZABLE and READ ONLY. When all three of these
       properties are selected for a transaction, the transaction may block when first acquiring its snapshot, after which it is able to run
       without the normal overhead of a SERIALIZABLE transaction and without any risk of contributing to or being canceled by a serialization
       failure. This mode is well suited for long-running reports or backups.

       The SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT command allows a new transaction to run with the same snapshot as an existing transaction. The pre-existing
       transaction must have exported its snapshot with the pg_export_snapshot function (see Section 9.26.5, "Snapshot Synchronization Functions",
       in the documentation). That function returns a snapshot identifier, which must be given to SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT to specify which
       snapshot is to be imported. The identifier must be written as a string literal in this command, for example '000003A1-1'.  SET TRANSACTION
       SNAPSHOT can only be executed at the start of a transaction, before the first query or data-modification statement (SELECT, INSERT, DELETE,
       UPDATE, FETCH, or COPY) of the transaction. Furthermore, the transaction must already be set to SERIALIZABLE or REPEATABLE READ isolation
       level (otherwise, the snapshot would be discarded immediately, since READ COMMITTED mode takes a new snapshot for each command). If the
       importing transaction uses SERIALIZABLE isolation level, then the transaction that exported the snapshot must also use that isolation
       level. Also, a non-read-only serializable transaction cannot import a snapshot from a read-only transaction.

NOTES

       If SET TRANSACTION is executed without a prior START TRANSACTION or BEGIN, it will appear to have no effect, since the transaction will
       immediately end.

       It is possible to dispense with SET TRANSACTION by instead specifying the desired transaction_modes in BEGIN or START TRANSACTION. But that
       option is not available for SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT.

       The session default transaction modes can also be set by setting the configuration parameters default_transaction_isolation,
       default_transaction_read_only, and default_transaction_deferrable. (In fact SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS is just a verbose equivalent for
       setting these variables with SET.) This means the defaults can be set in the configuration file, via ALTER DATABASE, etc. Consult Chapter
       18, Server Configuration, in the documentation for more information.

EXAMPLES

       To begin a new transaction with the same snapshot as an already existing transaction, first export the snapshot from the existing
       transaction. That will return the snapshot identifier, for example:

	   BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;
	   SELECT pg_export_snapshot();
	    pg_export_snapshot
	   --------------------
	    000003A1-1
	   (1 row)

       Then give the snapshot identifier in a SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT command at the beginning of the newly opened transaction:

	   BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ;
	   SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT '000003A1-1';

COMPATIBILITY

       These commands are defined in the SQL standard, except for the DEFERRABLE transaction mode and the SET TRANSACTION SNAPSHOT form, which are
       PostgreSQL extensions.

       SERIALIZABLE is the default transaction isolation level in the standard. In PostgreSQL the default is ordinarily READ COMMITTED, but you
       can change it as mentioned above.

       In the SQL standard, there is one other transaction characteristic that can be set with these commands: the size of the diagnostics area.
       This concept is specific to embedded SQL, and therefore is not implemented in the PostgreSQL server.

       The SQL standard requires commas between successive transaction_modes, but for historical reasons PostgreSQL allows the commas to be
       omitted.

PostgreSQL 9.2.7						    2014-02-17							SET TRANSACTION(7)