ld86(1) 						      General Commands Manual							   ld86(1)

NAME

       ld86 - Linker for as86(1)

SYNOPSIS

       ld86 [-03MNdimrstyz[-]] [-llib_extension] [-o outfile] [-Ccrtfile] [-Llibdir] [-Olibfile] [-Ttextaddr] [-Hheapsize] [-Ddataaddr] infile...

DESCRIPTION

       This  linker  understands  only	the  object files produced by the as86 assembler, it can link them into either an impure or a separate I&D
       executable.

       The linking defaults are everything off or none except for -0 and the output file is a.out.  There  is  not  a  standard  library  location
       defined in the linker.

OPTIONS

       -0     produce header with 16-bit magic

       -3     produce header with 32-bit magic

       -d     delete the header from the output file, used for MSDOS COM files. As a side effect this also includes -s as there's nowhere to put a
	      symbol table.

       -Cx    add file libdir-from-search/crtx.o to list of files linked

       -D     data base address follows (in format suitable for strtoul)

       -H     the top of heap (initial stack) address (in format suitable for strtoul)

       -Lx    add dir name x to the head of the list of library dirs searched

       -M     print symbols linked on stdout

       -N     Create a native Linux OMAGIC output file. If the contents are i386 code the binary can be either linked by GCC or executed by linux.
	      If the -z option is also included the linker can generate a QMAGIC executable.

       -Ox    add library or object file libdir-from-search/x to list of files linked

       -T     text base address follows (in format suitable for strtoul)

       -i     separate I&D output

       -lx    add library libdir-from-search/libx.a to list of files linked

       -m     print modules linked on stdout

       -o     output file name follows

       -s     strip symbols

       -r     Generate	a relocatable object from one source object, if the linker is given the -N option also the output format will be the hosts
	      native format if possible.

       -t     trace modules being looked at on stdout

       -y     Alter the symbol tables to add label 'extensions' so that labels with more than 8 characters can be stored in elks executables.

       -z     produce "unmapped zero page" or "QMAGIC" executables

       All the options not taking an argument may be turned off by following the option letter by a '-', as for cc1.

PREDEFINED LABELS

       The linker predefines several labels that can be imported into user programs.

       __etext
	      Standard C variable for the end of the text segment.

       __edata
	      Standard C variable for the end of the initilised data.

       __end  Standard C variable for the end of the bss area.

       __segoff
	      The offset within the executable file between the start of the  text  segment  and  the  start  of  the  data  segment  in  16  byte
	      'paragraphs'.  Note  this  is  zero for impure (tiny model) executables and is adjusted for executables that don't start at offset 0
	      within the segment.

       __segXDL
	      The lowest address with data in segment 'X'. (eg __seg0DL is for segment zero or the text segment, __seg3DL is for the data segment)
	      The value 'X' is a hex digit.

       __segXDH
	      The top of segment 'X's data area.

       __segXCL
	      The bottom of segment 'X's 'common data' or unitilised data area. Each segment has both an initilised and unitilised data area.

       __segXCH
	      The top of segment 'X's common area.

       __segXSO
	      This is the adjusted offset from segment 0 of the start of segment 'X' in 'paragraphs'.

HISTORY

       The 6809 version does not support -i.

       The  previous  versions	of  the  linker  could produce an 8086 executable with segments of a size >64k, now only i386 executables may have
       segments this large.

BUGS

       The linker cannot deal with reverse seeks caused by org instructions in the object file. Unlike previous versions the current one traps the
       error rather than trying to fill up the hard disk.

       The linker produces a broken a.out object file if given one input and the -r option this is so it is compatible with pre-dev86 versions.

								     Apr, 1997								   ld86(1)