10-04-2003
RTM
Quote:
...but people still use command line , I just don't get it . is it because that you look kwel when you are using command line than GUI !!!!!
not at all actually. when it comes down to it, you just can not practically include every function in a gui app that is a frontend for a command line tool.
you can not use gui apps in shell scripts, (which would very much help your problem of adding 20 users, which by the way, would be just as tedious if done from a gui app)
the command line is where the power is, you have full control of your system, and to be quite honest, most CLI tools are NOT hard to learn. people just dont want to RTFM!!
for your desktop machine, of course you are going to want a GUI, i use KDE on my desktop. but if you think there is X at all on my server you are wrong. it is unecessary overhead. you dont need GUI apps to administer your server.
and my final point, those who become dependant on GUI apps will never become proficient at adminstering their systems. not every place is going to have the same gui apps, and some probably none at all. standard command line tools generally do not change accross platforms very much at all, and if there are differences, you have one command that (usually) will always be there:
man
one more thing, a mouse is inherently clumsy. even GUI apps have hotkeys to avoid using the slow mouse. you will be 100x faster at a command line than in X with a mouse.
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LEARN ABOUT OSX
envelopes
envelopes(5) File Formats Manual envelopes(5)
NAME
envelopes - sender/recipient lists attached to messages
INTRODUCTION
Electronic mail messages are delivered in envelopes.
An envelope lists a sender and one or more recipients. Usually these envelope addresses are the same as the addresses listed in the mes-
sage header:
(envelope) from djb to root
From: djb
To: root
In more complicated situations, though, the envelope addresses may differ from the header addresses.
ENVELOPE EXAMPLES
When a message is delivered to several people at different locations, it is first photocopied and placed into several envelopes:
(envelope) from djb to root
From: djb Copy #1 of message
To: root, god@brl.mil
(envelope) from djb to god@brl.mil
From: djb Copy #2 of message
To: root, god@brl.mil
When a message is delivered to several people at the same location, the sender doesn't have to photocopy it. He can instead stuff it into
one envelope with several addresses; the recipients will make the photocopy:
(envelope) from djb to god@brl.mil, angel@brl.mil
From: djb
To: god@brl.mil, angel@brl.mil, joe, frde
Bounced mail is sent back to the envelope sender address. The bounced mail doesn't list an envelope sender, so bounce loops are impossi-
ble:
(envelope) from <> to djb
From: MAILER-DAEMON
To: djb
Subject: unknown user frde
The recipient of a message may make another copy and forward it in a new envelope:
(envelope) from djb to joe
From: djb Original message
To: joe
(envelope) from joe to fred
From: djb Forwarded message
To: joe
A mailing list works almost the same way:
(envelope) from djb to sos-list
From: djb Original message
To: sos-list
(envelope) from sos-owner to god@brl.mil
From: djb Forwarded message
To: sos-list to recipient #1
(envelope) from sos-owner to frde
From: djb Forwarded message
To: sos-list to recipient #2
Notice that the mailing list is set up to replace the envelope sender with something new, sos-owner. So bounces will come back to sos-
owner:
(envelope) from <> to sos-owner
From: MAILER-DAEMON
To: sos-owner
Subject: unknown user frde
It's a good idea to set up an extra address, sos-owner, like this: the original envelope sender (djb) has no way to fix bad sos-list
addresses, and of course bounces must not be sent to sos-list itself.
HOW ENVELOPE ADDRESSES ARE STORED
Envelope sender and envelope recipient addresses are transmitted and recorded in several ways.
When a user injects mail through qmail-inject, he can supply a Return-Path line or a -f option for the envelope sender; by default the
envelope sender is his login name. The envelope recipient addresses can be taken from the command line or from various header fields,
depending on the options to qmail-inject. Similar comments apply to sendmail.
When a message is transferred from one machine to another through SMTP, the envelope sender is given in a MAIL FROM command, the envelope
recipients are given in RCPT TO commands, and the message is supplied separately by a DATA command.
When a message is delivered by qmail to a single local recipient, qmail-local records the recipient in Delivered-To and the envelope sender
in Return-Path. It uses Delivered-To to detect mail forwarding loops.
sendmail normally records the envelope sender in Return-Path. It does not record envelope recipient addresses, on the theory that they are
redundant: you received the mail, so you must have been one of the envelope recipients.
Note that, if the header doesn't have any recipient addresses, sendmail will move envelope recipient addresses back into the header. This
situation occurs if all addresses were originally listed as Bcc, since Bcc is automatically removed. When sendmail sees this, it creates a
new Apparently-To header field with the envelope recipient addresses. This has the strange effect that each blind-carbon-copy recipient
will see a list of all recipients on the same machine.
When a message is stored in mbox format, the envelope sender is recorded at the top of the message as a UUCP-style From (no colon) line.
Note that this line is less reliable than the Return-Path line added by qmail-local or sendmail.
SEE ALSO
qmail-header(5), qmail-local(8), qmail-inject(8)
envelopes(5)