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Full Discussion: memory regain
Top Forums UNIX for Dummies Questions & Answers memory regain Post 31163 by Neo on Saturday 2nd of November 2002 09:21:58 PM
Old 11-02-2002
I agree with your conclusions; and certainly don't worry that our linux server is at 98 percent memory usage. If I installed another 512 MB, it would still go to 98 percent because linux likes to use the available memory Smilie What's the point of having memory if the OS does not use it? ( or at least that is what I keep saying after loading my XP box to 1.5 GB and never using more than 400 - 500 MB, and being CPU bound most of the time in application resource time...)

If you are not seeing much swap activity, you are OK. If you are swapping (using the disks to supplement memory) then add more memory if you can.
 

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RAW(8)							       System Administration							    RAW(8)

NAME
raw - bind a Linux raw character device SYNOPSIS
raw /dev/raw/raw<N> <major> <minor> raw /dev/raw/raw<N> /dev/<blockdev> raw -q /dev/raw/raw<N> raw -qa DESCRIPTION
raw is used to bind a Linux raw character device to a block device. Any block device may be used: at the time of binding, the device driver does not even have to be accessible (it may be loaded on demand as a kernel module later). raw is used in two modes: it either sets raw device bindings, or it queries existing bindings. When setting a raw device, /dev/raw/raw<N> is the device name of an existing raw device node in the filesystem. The block device to which it is to be bound can be specified either in terms of its major and minor device numbers, or as a path name /dev/<blockdev> to an existing block device file. The bindings already in existence can be queried with the -q option, which is used either with a raw device filename to query that one device, or with the -a option to query all bound raw devices. Unbinding can be done by specifying major and minor 0. Once bound to a block device, a raw device can be opened, read and written, just like the block device it is bound to. However, the raw device does not behave exactly like the block device. In particular, access to the raw device bypasses the kernel's block buffer cache entirely: all I/O is done directly to and from the address space of the process performing the I/O. If the underlying block device driver can support DMA, then no data copying at all is required to complete the I/O. Because raw I/O involves direct hardware access to a process's memory, a few extra restrictions must be observed. All I/Os must be cor- rectly aligned in memory and on disk: they must start at a sector offset on disk, they must be an exact number of sectors long, and the data buffer in virtual memory must also be aligned to a multiple of the sector size. The sector size is 512 bytes for most devices. OPTIONS
-q Set query mode. raw will query an existing binding instead of setting a new one. -a With -q , specify that all bound raw devices should be queried. -h Provide a usage summary. BUGS
The Linux dd(1) command should be used without the bs= option, or the blocksize needs to be a multiple of the sector size of the device (512 bytes usually), otherwise it will fail with "Invalid Argument" messages (EINVAL). Raw I/O devices do not maintain cache coherency with the Linux block device buffer cache. If you use raw I/O to overwrite data already in the buffer cache, the buffer cache will no longer correspond to the contents of the actual storage device underneath. This is deliberate, but is regarded either a bug or a feature depending on who you ask! AUTHOR
Stephen Tweedie (sct@redhat.com) AVAILABILITY
The raw command is part of the util-linux package and is available from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/. util-linux August 1999 RAW(8)
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