08-15-2019
You didn't say which operating system this is but there has to be difference between read and open. If you think about it, if a read updated the access time then all the access times would change when a backup is run which wouldn't be any good if you had to restore the whole lot. However, if an application opens a file then that will update the access time. For example, if you open a file with vi and then immediately quit with :q!, the access time should update because the file has been specifically opened. Additionally, if youvi followed by :w! (even if you haven't changed anything) the file will be written back so the modified date should change.
Now with a directory it is holding the details of its files so if a new file is created the directory is modified. Also, if an application specifically opens a file with that directory in its pathname (and blocks may need to be allocated/deallocated to the file), then the access time should change.
You should be able to verify this on your operating system with a few tests.
Last edited by hicksd8; 08-16-2019 at 05:20 AM..
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link(2) System Calls Manual link(2)
NAME
link - Creates a hard link to an existing file on the local file system
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
int link ( const char *path1, const char *path2 );
STANDARDS
Interfaces documented on this reference page conform to industry standards as follows:
link(): XSH5.0
Refer to the standards(5) reference page for more information about industry standards and associated tags.
PARAMETERS
Points to the pathname of an existing file. Points to the pathname for the directory entry to be created. If the path2 parameter names a
symbolic link, an error is returned.
DESCRIPTION
The link() function creates an additional hard link (directory entry) for an existing file. The old and the new link share equal access
rights to the underlying object. The link() function atomically creates a new link for the existing file and increments the link count of
the file by one.
Both the path1 and path2 parameters must reside on the same file system. A hard link to a directory cannot be created.
Upon successful completion, the link() function marks the st_ctime field of the file for update, and marks the st_ctime and st_mtime fields
of the directory containing the new entry for update.
A process must have write permission in the target directory with respect to all access control policies configured on the system.
See symlink(2) for information about making symbolic links, including Context Dependent Symbolic Links (CDSLs).
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion, the link() function returns a value of 0 (zero). If the link() function fails, a value of -1 is returned, no
link is created, and errno is set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
If the link() function fails, errno may be set to one of the following values: The requested link requires writing in a directory with a
mode that denies write permission, or a component of either the path1 or path2 parameter denies search permission. The requested link
requires writing in a directory to which the process does not have write access with respect to one or more of the system's configured
access policies. The directory in which the entry for the new link is being placed cannot be extended because the user's quota of disk
blocks on the file system containing the directory has been exhausted. The link named by the path2 parameter already exists. The path1 or
path2 parameter is an invalid address. [Tru64 UNIX] An I/O error occurred when updating the directory. Too many links were encountered in
translating path1 or path2. The number of links to the file named by path1 would exceed LINK_MAX. The length of the path1 or path2 string
exceeds PATH_MAX or a pathname component is longer than NAME_MAX. The file named by the path1 parameter does not exist or the path1 or
path2 parameter is an empty string. The directory in which the entry for the new link is being placed cannot be extended because there is
no space left on the file system containing the directory. A component of either path prefix is not a directory. The file named by the
path1 parameter is a directory. The requested link requires writing in a directory on a read-only file system. The link named by the
path2 parameter and the file named by the path1 parameter are on different file systems.
[Tru64 UNIX] For NFS file access, if the link() function fails, errno may also be set to one of the following values: Indicates that the
system file table is full or there are too many files currently open in the system. Indicates a stale NFS file handle. An opened file was
deleted by the server or another client; a client cannot open a file because the server has unmounted or unexported the remote directory;
or the directory that contains an opened file was unmounted or unexported by the server.
RELATED INFORMATION
Commands: link(1), unlink(1)
Functions: unlink(2), symlink(2)
Standards: standards(5) delim off
link(2)