cdrw(1) 																   cdrw(1)

NAME

       cdrw - CD read and write

SYNOPSIS

       cdrw -i [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [image-file]

       cdrw -a [-vSCO] [-d device] [-p speed] [-T audio-type] audio-file1 [audio-file2...]

       cdrw -x [-v] [-d device] [-T audio-type] track-number out-file

       cdrw -c [-vSC] [-d device] [-p speed] [-m tmp-dir] [-s src-device]

       cdrw -b [-v] [-d device]  all | session | fast

       cdrw -L [-v] [-d device]

       cdrw -M [-v] [-d device]

       cdrw -l [-v]

       cdrw -h

       The  cdrw command provides the ability to create data and audio CDs. This command also provides the ability to extract audio tracks from an
       audio CD and to create data DVDs. The CD or DVD device must be MMC-compliant to create a CD or DVD with the cdrw command.

       cdrw searches for a CD or DVD writer connected to the system, unless you specify a device with the -d option. If cdrw finds a  single  such
       device, it uses that device as the default CD or DVD writer for the command.

       When  more than one CD or DVD writer is connected to the system, use the -d option to indicate which device is desired. The device name can
       be specified in one of the following ways: /dev/rdsk/cNtNdNsN, cNtNdNsN, cNtNdN, or a name used by volume manager, such as cdrom or cdrom1.
       Using the -l option provides a list of CD or DVD writers.

       For instructions on adding a USB-mass-storage-class-compliant CD-RW or DVD-RW device to your system, see scsa2usb(7D).

   Creating Data CDs
       When creating data CDs, cdrw uses the Track-At-Once mode of writing. Use the -i option to specify a file that contains the data to write on
       CD media. If you don't specify this option, cdrw reads data from standard input.

       In either case, the data is typically prepared by using the mkisofs command to convert the file and file information into the  High  Sierra
       format used on CDs. See the examples that include use of this command.

   Creating Data DVDs
       cdrw  can  create  single-session  data DVDs on DVD+RW or DVD-RW devices using images generated from mkisofs. These disks can be mounted as
       HSFS file systems. When making data DVDs, cdrw uses Disk-At-Once (DAO) mode of writing, which closes the media when  writing  is  completed
       and  prevents  any  further sessions from being added. The image should be prepared in advance when writing an image to the DVD media since
       DAO mode requires that the size of the image be known in advance.

   Creating Audio CDs
       Use the -a option to create an audio CD. Single or multiple audio files can be specified with this option. All of the audio files should be
       in a supported audio format. Currently approved formats are:

       sun	Sun .au files with data in Red Book CDDA form

       wav	RIFF (.wav) files with data in Red Book CDDA form

       cda	.cda files having raw CD audio data (that is, 16 bit PCM stereo at 44.1 KHz sample rate in little-endian byte order)

       aur	.aur files having raw CD data in big-endian byte order

       If  no  audio  format is specified, cdrw tries to identify the audio file format based on the file extension. The case of the characters in
       the extension is ignored. If a format is specified using the -T option, it is assumed to be the audio file type for all	the  files  speci-
       fied.  Also, using the -c option closes the session after writing the audio tracks. Therefore, the tracks to be written should be specified
       in a single command line.

   Extracting Audio
       cdrw can also be used for extracting audio data from an audio CD with the -x option. The CD should have tracks in Red Book  CDDA  form.	By
       default, the output format is based on the file extension. A user can specify a sun, wav, cda, or aur output format with the -T option.

   Copying CDs
       cdrw  can  be used to copy single session data CD-ROMs and Red Book audio CDs. When copying a CD, cdrw looks for a specified source device.
       If no source device is specified when using the -c option, the current CD writer is assumed to be the source. cdrw extracts  the  track	or
       tracks  into  a	temporary file and looks for a blank writable CD-R/RW media in the current CD writer. If no media is found, insert a blank
       writable CD media in the current CD writer. If the default temporary directory does not have enough space, an alternate	directory  can	be
       specified by using the -m option.

   Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media
       Users  have  to	erase  the CD-RW media before it can be rewritten. With the -b option, the following flavors of erasing are currently sup-
       ported:

       session	       Erases the last session.

       fast	       Minimally erases the media.

       all	       Erases the entire media.

       If the session erasing type is used, cdrw erases the last session. If there is only one session recorded on the CD-RW (for example, a  data
       or  audio  CD-RW created by this tool), then session erasing only erases the portion that is recorded, leaving behind a blank disk. This is
       faster than erasing the entire media. For DVD media, using the -b session erases the whole media.

       The fast erasing type minimally erases the entire media by removing the PMA and TOC of the first session. It does not erase the	user  data
       and  subsequent tracks on the media, but the media is treated as if it were a blank disk. If a complete erase is of the media is necessary,
       use the all option.

       The all erasing type should be used if it is a multisession disk, the last session is not closed, or disk status is unknown, and  you  want
       to erase the disk. With this type of erasing, cdrw erases the entire disk.

       DVD+RW  media  does  not  support erasing. To re-use DVD+RW media, simply write a new image onto the media. cdrw formats and overwrites the
       existing media automatically.

   Checking device-list or media-status
       You can list a system's CD or DVD writers by using the -l option. Also, for a particular media, you can get the blanking status	and  table
       of  contents  by  using	the  -M option. The -M option also prints information about the last session's start address and the next writable
       address. This information, along with the -O option, can be used to create multisession CDs. Refer to mkisofs(1M) in the SUNWfsman  package
       (not a SunOS man page) for more information.

       The following options are supported:

       -a	Creates  an  audio  disk.  At least one audio-file name must be specified. A CD can not have more than 99 audio tracks, so no more
		than 99 audio files can be specified. Also, the maximum audio data that can be written to the media  by  default  is  74  minutes,
		unless -C is specified.

       -b	Blanks	CD-RW  or DVD-RW media. The type of erasing must be specified by the all, fast, or session argument. DVD+RW media does not
		support blanking, but can be rewritten without the need for blanking.

       -c	Copies a CD. If no other argument is specified, the default CD writing device is assumed to be the source device as well. In  this
		case,  the  copy operation reads the source media into a temporary directory and prompts you to place a blank media into the drive
		for the copy operation to proceed.

       -C	Uses stated media capacity. Without this option, cdrw uses a default value for writable CD media, which is 74 minutes for an audio
		CD, 681984000 bytes for a data CD, or 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD.

       -d	Specifies the CD or DVD writing device.

       -h	Help. Prints usage message.

       -i	Specifies  the image file for creating data CDs or DVDs. The file size should be less than what can be written on the media. Also,
		consider having the file locally available instead of having the file on an  NFS-mounted  file	system.  The  CD  writing  process
		expects data to be available continuously without interruptions.

       -l	Lists all the CD or DVD writers available on the system.

       -L	Closes	the disk. If the media was left in an open state after the last write operation, it is closed to prevent any further writ-
		ing. This operation can only be done on re-writable CD-RW media.

       -m	Uses an alternate temporary directory instead of the default temporary directory for storing track data while copying a CD or DVD.
		An alternate temporary directory might be required because the amount of data on a CD can be huge. For example, the amount of data
		can be as much as 800 Mbytes for an 80 minute audio CD and 4.7 Gbytes for a DVD. The default temporary directory  might  not  have
		that much space available.

       -M	Reports  media status. cdrw reports if the media is blank or not, its table of contents, the last session's start address, and the
		next writable address if the disk is open. DVD+RW does not support erasing and always has some content on the media.

       -O	Keeps the disk open. cdrw closes the session, but it keeps the disk open so that another session can be added later on to create a
		multisession disk.

       -p	Sets the CD writing speed. For example, -p 4 sets the speed to 4X. If this option is not specified, cdrw uses the default speed of
		the CD writer. If this option is specified, cdrw tries to set the drive write speed to this value, but there is  no  guarantee	of
		the actual speed that is used by the drive.

       -s	Specifies the source device for copying a CD or DVD.

       -S	Simulation  mode. In this mode, cdrw operates with the drive laser turned off, so nothing is written to the media. Use this option
		to verify if the system can provide data at a rate good enough for CD writing.

       -T	Audio format to use for extracting audio files or for reading audio files for audio CD creation. The audio-type can be	sun,  wav,
		cda, or aur.

       -v	Verbose mode.

       -x	Extracts audio data from an audio track.

       Example 1: Creating a Data CD or DVD

       example% cdrw -i /local/iso_image

       Example 2: Creating a CD or DVD from a Directory

       This example shows how to create a CD or DVD from the directory tree /home/foo.

       example% mkisofs -r /home/foo 2>/dev/null | cdrw -i -p 1

       Example 3: Extracting an Audio Track Number

       This example shows how to extract audio track number 1 to /home/foo/song1.wav.

       example% cdrw -x -T wav 1 /home/foo/song1.wav

       Example 4: Using wav Files

       This example shows how to create an audio CD from wav files on disk.

       example% cdrw -a song1.wav song2.wav song3.wav song4.wav

       Example 5: Erasing CD-RW or DVD-RW Media

       This example shows how to erase rewritable media.

       example% cdrw -b all

       Example 6: Creating a Data CD or DVD with Multiple Drives

       This example shows how to create a data CD or DVD on a system with multiple CD, DVD-R, or DVD-RW drives.

       example% cdrw -d c1t6d0s2 -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Example 7: Checking Data Delivery Rate

       This example shows how to verify that the system can provide data to a CD-RW or a DVD drive at a rate sufficient for the write operation.

       example% cdrw -S -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Example 8: Running at a Higher Priority

       This example shows how to run cdrw at a higher priority (for root user only).

       example# priocntl -e -p 60 cdrw -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Example 9: Creating a Multi-session Disk

       This examples shows how to create the first session image by using mkisofs and recording it onto the disk without closing the disk.

       example% cdrw -O -i /home/foo/iso-image

       Additional  sessions  can  be  added  to  an  open disk by creating an image with mkisofs using the session start and next writable address
       reported by cdrw.

       example% cdrw -M

       Track No. |Type	  |Start address
       ----------+--------+-------------
	1	 |Data	  | 0
       Leadout	 |Data	  | 166564

       Last session start address: 162140
       Next writable address: 173464

       example% mkisofs -o /tmp/image2 -r -C 0,173464 -M    /dev/rdsk/c0t2d0s2 /home/foo

       See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes:

       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |      ATTRIBUTE TYPE	     |	    ATTRIBUTE VALUE	   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+
       |Availability		     |SUNWcdrw			   |
       +-----------------------------+-----------------------------+

       audioconvert(1), priocntl(1), attributes(5), rbac(5), scsa2usb(7D), sd(7D)

       mkisofs(1M) in the SUNWsfman package.

       The CD writing process requires data to be supplied at a constant rate to the drive. Keep I/O activity to  a  minimum  and  shut  down  any
       related I/O applications while writing CDs.

       When making copies or extracting audio tracks, use an MMC compliant source CD-ROM drive. The CD writer can be used for this purpose.

       Before  writing	a CD, ensure that the media is blank by using the -M option. You can use the -S simulation mode to test the system to make
       sure it can provide data at the required rate. cdrw turns on buffer underrun protection for drives that support it and recovers	from  most
       stalls.	If  the system is not able to provide data at a constant rate or frequent stalling occurs, you can lower the speed by using the -p
       option. You can also try to run cdrw at a higher priority by using the priocntl(1) command.

	If you know that the CD-R/RW drive can operate at different write speeds, use the -p option. Some commercially available drives handle the
       drive speed setting command differently, so use this option judiciously.

       Most  commercially  available  drives allow writing beyond 74 minutes as long as the media has the capacity (such as 80-minute media). How-
       ever, the ability to write beyond 74 minutes might not be supported by the drive in use. If the drive supports this feature, then  use  the
       -C option to indicate that the tool should rely on the capacity indicated by the media.

       The  cdrw  command uses rbac(5) to control user access to the devices. By default, cdrw is accessible to all users but can be restricted to
       individual users. Refer to the  for more information.

								    10 Feb 2005 							   cdrw(1)