08-22-2018
After running ((counter++)), the exit code is 1, not zero, and hence the continue statement is not executed. The reason is that the value of counter++ is what is stored in counter BEFORE it is incremented, i.e zero. If the value of the expression is zero, the exit code of the ((....)) command is 1. If the value of the expression is not zero, the exit code of the ((....)) command is 0.
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LEARN ABOUT FREEBSD
timecounters
TIMECOUNTERS(4) BSD Kernel Interfaces Manual TIMECOUNTERS(4)
NAME
timecounters -- kernel time counters subsystem
SYNOPSIS
The kernel uses several types of time-related devices, such as: real time clocks, time counters and event timers. Real time clocks are
responsible for tracking real world time, mostly when the system is down. Time counters are responsible for tracking purposes, when the sys-
tem is running. Event timers are responsible for generating interrupts at a specified time or periodically, to run different time-based
events. This page is about the second.
DESCRIPTION
Time counters are the lowest level of time tracking in the kernel. They provide monotonically increasing timestamps with known width and
update frequency. They can overflow, drift, etc and so in raw form can be used only in very limited performance-critical places like the
process scheduler.
More usable time is created by scaling the values read from the selected time counter and combining it with some offset, regularly updated by
tc_windup() on hardclock() invocation.
Different platforms provide different kinds of timer hardware. The goal of the time counters subsystem is to provide a unified way to access
that hardware.
Each driver implementing time counters registers them with the subsystem. It is possible to see the list of present time counters, via the
kern.timecounter sysctl(8) variable:
kern.timecounter.choice: TSC-low(-100) HPET(950) i8254(0) ACPI-fast(900) dummy(-1000000)
kern.timecounter.tc.ACPI-fast.mask: 16777215
kern.timecounter.tc.ACPI-fast.counter: 13467909
kern.timecounter.tc.ACPI-fast.frequency: 3579545
kern.timecounter.tc.ACPI-fast.quality: 900
kern.timecounter.tc.i8254.mask: 65535
kern.timecounter.tc.i8254.counter: 62692
kern.timecounter.tc.i8254.frequency: 1193182
kern.timecounter.tc.i8254.quality: 0
kern.timecounter.tc.HPET.mask: 4294967295
kern.timecounter.tc.HPET.counter: 3013495652
kern.timecounter.tc.HPET.frequency: 14318180
kern.timecounter.tc.HPET.quality: 950
kern.timecounter.tc.TSC-low.mask: 4294967295
kern.timecounter.tc.TSC-low.counter: 4067509463
kern.timecounter.tc.TSC-low.frequency: 11458556
kern.timecounter.tc.TSC-low.quality: -100
The output nodes are defined as follows:
kern.timecounter.tc.X.mask is a bitmask, defining valid counter bits,
kern.timecounter.tc.X.counter is a present counter value,
kern.timecounter.tc.X.frequency is a counter update frequency,
kern.timecounter.tc.X.quality is an integral value, defining the quality of this time counter compared to others. A negative value means
this time counter is broken and should not be used.
The time management code of the kernel chooses one time counter from that list. The current choice can be read and affected via the
kern.timecounter.hardware tunable/sysctl.
SEE ALSO
attimer(4), eventtimers(4), ffclock(4), hpet(4)
BSD
April 12, 2014 BSD