TRACEROUTE(1)						      General Commands Manual						     TRACEROUTE(1)

NAME

       traceroute - print the route packets take to network host

SYNOPSIS

       traceroute [-46FInrRTV] [-f first_ttl] [-p port]
	       [-m max_hops] [-N concurrent_hops]
	       [-t tos] [-w timeout] [-q nqueries]
	       [-S source_addr] [-i interface]
	       [-g gateway] host [packetlen]
       traceroute6  [options]

DESCRIPTION

       traceroute  tracks  the route packets take across a TCP/IP network on their way to a given host. It utilizes the IP protocol's time to live
       (TTL) field and attempts to elicit an ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED response from each gateway along the path to the host.

       traceroute6 is just another name for the same program, and is equivalent to invoking traceroute with the -6 option.

   Tracing with UDP
       The default mode of operation is to use UDP packets for path detection.	This will send packets of a given size to a range  of  destination
       ports,  usually	in  the high port range, and increment the destination port number for each probe packet sent). Intermediate gateways will
       return ICMP time exceeded errors when the packet's TTL reaches zero.  When a packet reaches the remote host, and the chosen port is not	in
       use,  the  host	will  return  an ICMP port unreachable error. If the port is in use, the probe packet will be delivered to this port, more
       likely than not without eliciting a response.

       The port range is chosen so that it is rather unlikely that this port will be in use on the remote system.

       Tracing in UDP mode does not require super user privileges, as the Linux UDP implementation supports a so-called error queue, through which
       ICMP error packets related to a specific port can be delivered to the application.

   Tracing with ICMP
       In this mode, traceroute sends ICMP echo packets to the destination host, pretty much like the ping utility.

       ICMP  tracing  requires	super user privilege, as it needs to open a raw socket to listen for incoming ICMP packets. Non-root users are not
       permitted to open such sockets for security reasons.

       ICMP traces are currently supported over IPv4 only.

   Tracing with TCP
       In TCP mode, traceroute will try to connect to the destination host. This causes the kernel to send a SYN packet to the remote host,  again
       varying	the TTL for each probe. The default port number used for TCP probes is 80 (http).  When the probe reaches the destination host, it
       will either accept the connection (in case there's a service listening on this port), or respond with a	TCP  RST  packet  (in  case  there
       isn't).

       TCP  tracing  requires  super  user privilege, as it needs to open a raw socket to listen for incoming ICMP packets. Non-root users are not
       permitted to open such sockets for security reasons.

       ICMP traces are currently supported over IPv4 only.

   Caveats
       Many gateways are configured to limit the rate at which they will send ICMP error packets. Thus, when you run lots of traces in close  suc-
       cession,  an  increasing  number  of  gateways may "disappear", with probes timing out instead of eliciting an ICMP response. Rate limiting
       often happens at a granularity of 30 to 60 seconds, so do not expect things to work properly if you run more than two or three  traces  per
       minute.

OPTIONS

       The  only  required  parameter is the name or IP address of the destination host. This parameter can be followed by the size of the probing
       packet sent to that host (40 by default). Varying the size of the packet in conjunction with the -F parameter can be used to obtain  infor-
       mation about the MTU of individual network hops. This does not apply to TCP, which uses SYN packets to establish a path trace.

       Additional options are:

       -6, -4 Explicitly  force  IPv4  or IPv6 traceouting. By default, the program will try to resolve the name given, and choose the appropriate
	      protocol automatically. If resolving a host name returns both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, traceroute will use IPv4. Invoking  the  pro-
	      gram as traceroute6 is the same as using the -6 option.

       -F     Set  the	"Don't Fragment" bit. This tells intermediate routers not to fragment the packet when they find it's too big for a network
	      hop's MTU.

       -f first_ttl
	      Specifies with what TTL to start. Defaults to 1.

       -g gateway
	      Tells traceroute to add an IP source routing option to the outgoing packet that tells the network to route the  packet  through  the
	      specified gateway.  Not very useful, because most routers have disabled source routing for security reasons.

       -I     Use  ICMP  ECHO  instead of UDP packets when probing the route.  This option is available to the super user only, as normal users do
	      not have the privileges to create raw sockets.

       -i interface
	      Specifies the interface through which to traceroute should send packets. By default, the interface  is  selected	according  to  the
	      routing table.

	      NOTE: This option changed from previous versions of traceroute!  Older versions used -I to specify the interface name.

       -m max_hops
	      Specifies the maximum number of hops traceroute will probe. The default value is 30.

       -N concurrent_hops
	      Specifies  the number of probe packets sent out simultaneously.  Sending several probes concurrently can speed up traceroute consid-
	      erably. However, when specifying a number that's too large, the destination host will start to throw away random ICMP responses  (if
	      it implements ICMP rate throttling), and traceroute will be unable to detect the final hope reliably.  The default value is 6.

       -n     Do not try to map IP addresses to host names when displaying them.

       -p port
	      Specifies the UDP destination port base traceroute will use. When sending its UDP probe packets, it will send them to port + hop - 1
	      for each hop. If there are ports in this range in use on the destination host, traceroute will not be able to identify reliably when
	      it  has reached the destination host (probes will appear to time out). The default port is 33434; you can use -p to change this to a
	      different value.

       -q numqueries
	      Sets the number of probe packets per hop. The default value is 3.

       -r     Bypass the normal routing tables and send directly to a host on an attached network.  If the host is not on a directly-attached net-
	      work, an error is returned.  This option can be used to ping a local host through an interface that has no route through it.

       -R     Set  the	loose  source  route option on outgoing packets, asking intermediate routers to record their address as the packet passes.
	      This can be useful if you want to find the address of an intermediate router that has been configured to not respond  to	traceroute
	      packets.

	      This feature hasn't been implemented yet.

       -S source_addr
	      Chooses  an  alternative source address. Note that you must select the address of one of the interfaces.	By default, the address of
	      the outgoing interface is used.

       -T     Use TCP instead of UDP packets when probing the route.  This option is available to the super user only, as this requires a raw ICMP
	      socket, which normal users are not permitted to create.

       -t tos Set  the IP Type of Service (TOS) and Precedence value. Useful values are 16 (low delay) and 8 (high throughput). Note that in order
	      to use some TOS precendence values, you have to be super user.

       -V     Print the version and exit.

       -w sec Wait for sec seconds before sending the next probe packet.

	      Note that unlike older traceroute versions, this implementation will transmit several probe packets in parallel, for  different  hop
	      values. However, it will never send more than 1 packet per hop value at the same time.

SEE ALSO

       ping(8), netstat(8).

AUTHOR

       Concept	and  command  line options based on the original LBL implementation of traceroute, written by Van Jacobson. This implentation is a
       complete rewrite and redesign, written and copyright (C) 2000-2008 Olaf Kirch <okir@suse.de>.

4.3 Berkeley Distribution					  6 December 2000						     TRACEROUTE(1)