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Full Discussion: $(< file ) and $( cat file )
Top Forums Shell Programming and Scripting $(< file ) and $( cat file ) Post 303012378 by Scrutinizer on Saturday 3rd of February 2018 01:12:05 AM
Old 02-03-2018
It does not work that way. $(<file) is a special case, which is a faster alternative to $(cat file). If you are using anything other than just a file, it becomes something else. $( ... ) is just command sustitution, so if we leave out that, it becomes:
Code:
< /dev/urandom tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-' | head -c10

This is the same as tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-' < /dev/urandom | head -c10
Code:
cat /dev/urandom -- tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-' | head -c10

This is strange, it effectively just means cat /dev/urandom | head -c10
Code:
cat /dev/urandom | tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-' | head -c10

This is the same as the first one with UUOC
Code:
< /dev/urandom | tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-'  | head -c10

This is equivalent to :< /dev/urandom | tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-' | head -c10, which is that same as :
: | tr -dc '[:alnum:],@#:!?+-' | head -c10
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WORKQUEUE(9)						   BSD Kernel Developer's Manual					      WORKQUEUE(9)

NAME
workqueue -- simple do-it-in-thread-context framework SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/workqueue.h> int workqueue_create(struct workqueue **wqp, const char *name, void (*func)(struct work *, void *), void *arg, pri_t prio, int ipl, int flags); void workqueue_enqueue(struct workqueue *wq, struct work *wk, struct cpu_info *ci); void workqueue_destroy(struct workqueue *wq); DESCRIPTION
The workqueue utility routines are provided to defer work which is needed to be processed in a thread context. workqueue_create() creates a workqueue. It takes the following arguments: wqp Specify where to store the created workqueue. name The name of the workqueue. func The function to be called for each work. arg An argument to be passed as a second argument of func. prio The priority level for the worker threads. ipl The highest IPL at which this workqueue is used. flags The value of 0 indicates a standard create operation, however the following flags may be bitwise ORed together: WQ_MPSAFE Specifies that the workqueue is multiprocessor safe and does its own locking, otherwise the kernel lock will be held while work will be processed. WQ_PERCPU Specifies that the workqueue should have a separate queue for each CPU, thus the work could be enqueued on concrete CPUs. workqueue_enqueue() enqueues the work wk into the workqueue wq. If the WQ_PERCPU flag was set on workqueue creation, the ci argument may be used to specify the CPU on which the work should be enqueued. Also it may be NULL, then work will be enqueued on the current CPU. If WQ_PERCPU flag was not set, ci must be NULL. The enqueued work will be processed in a thread context. A work must not be enqueued again until the callback is called by the workqueue framework. workqueue_destroy() destroys a workqueue and frees associated resources. The caller should ensure that the workqueue has no work enqueued beforehand. RETURN VALUES
workqueue_create() returns 0 on success. Otherwise, it returns an errno(2). CODE REFERENCES
The workqueue subsystem is implemented within the file sys/kern/subr_workqueue.c. SEE ALSO
callout(9), condvar(9), kthread(9), softint(9) BSD
October 24, 2011 BSD
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