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Full Discussion: Understanding Xargs
Top Forums Shell Programming and Scripting Understanding Xargs Post 303010124 by RudiC on Wednesday 27th of December 2017 05:24:23 AM
Old 12-27-2017
Now, these are very basic questions from quite broad a range of IT, and I'm not sure I can cover that to satisfaction. On top, there may be a language barrier, e.g with "occurrence". I'd advise to use a dictionary, as - to me - the meaning got immediately clear when seeing the translations. Please also consult introductory text books and / or man pages.

It might be worthwhile to internalize the concept of a string which you will encounter everywhere in IT (tools, databases, documents, files, ...) when needing to represent text. It can come in a variety of shapes, like fixed or varying length strings, zero terminated or with a leading length indicator, string constants, substrings, string concatenations, and what have you, and there are many tools, libraries, functions to handle them. Different digital items (numbers, logical values) can be output to screen as readable text representations only, not as the individual items themselves.

Then, there are text files, a loosely structured collection of (mostly) printable characters. In *nix systems, those consist of lines of characters terminated by a <new line> (\n, ^J, 0x0A) character. But this is not the only possible text representation. When reading a line from a file, you can put it into a single string variable, or split it into several substrings. If you do so by applying spaces and / or punctuation chars for separating, the substrings will be words. But any other separation is possible albeit not necessarily sensible. So, a line is sort of a superset of (a group of) strings.

A "command line" specifies a collection of a command name (perhaps including a path), zero or more options (with possible arguments), and zero or more parameters. Any of those is a (possibly one character) string, analysed by the command interpreter, and then supplied to the program being executed. Please be aware that the terms "argument" and "parameter" are not strictly distinguished between and both are loosely and interchangably used. (I neglected possible local variable assingments and redirections to avoid overcomplicaton.)

Last edited by RudiC; 12-27-2017 at 10:13 AM.. Reason: Some typos
 

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textutil::adjust(n)				    Text and string utilities, macro processing 			       textutil::adjust(n)

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NAME
textutil::adjust - Procedures to adjust, indent, and undent paragraphs SYNOPSIS
package require Tcl 8.2 package require textutil::adjust ?0.7? ::textutil::adjust::adjust string ?option value...? ::textutil::adjust::readPatterns filename ::textutil::adjust::listPredefined ::textutil::adjust::getPredefined filename ::textutil::adjust::indent string prefix ?skip? ::textutil::adjust::undent string _________________________________________________________________ DESCRIPTION
The package textutil::adjust provides commands that manipulate strings or texts (a.k.a. long strings or string with embedded newlines or paragraphs), adjusting, or indenting them. The complete set of procedures is described below. ::textutil::adjust::adjust string ?option value...? Do a justification on the string according to the options. The string is taken as one big paragraph, ignoring any newlines. Then the line is formatted according to the options used, and the command returns a new string with enough lines to contain all the printable chars in the input string. A line is a set of characters between the beginning of the string and a newline, or between 2 newlines, or between a newline and the end of the string. If the input string is small enough, the returned string won't contain any newlines. Together with ::textutil::adjust::indent it is possible to create properly wrapped paragraphs with arbitrary indentations. By default, any occurrence of space or tabulation characters are replaced by a single space so that each word in a line is separated from the next one by exactly one space character, and this forms a real line. Each real line is placed in a logical line, which has exactly a given length (see the option -length below). The real line may be shorter. Again by default, trailing spaces are ignored before returning the string (see the option -full below). The following options may be used after the string parameter, and change the way the command places a real line in a logical line. -full boolean If set to false (default), trailing space characters are deleted before returning the string. If set to true, any trailing space characters are left in the string. -hyphenate boolean If set to false (default), no hyphenation will be done. If set to true, the command will try to hyphenate the last word of a line. Note: Hyphenation patterns must be loaded prior, using the command ::textutil::adjust::readPatterns. -justify center|left|plain|right Sets the justification of the returned string to either left (default), center, plain or right. The justification means that any line in the returned string but the last one is build according to the value. If the justification is set to plain and the number of printable chars in the last line is less than 90% of the length of a line (see the option -length), then this line is justified with the left value, avoiding the expansion of this line when it is too small. The meaning of each value is: center The real line is centered in the logical line. If needed, a set of space characters are added at the beginning (half of the needed set) and at the end (half of the needed set) of the line if required (see the option -full). left The real line is set on the left of the logical line. It means that there are no space chars at the beginning of this line. If required, all needed space chars are added at the end of the line (see the option -full). plain The real line is exactly set in the logical line. It means that there are no leading or trailing space chars. All the needed space chars are added in the real line, between 2 (or more) words. right The real line is set on the right of the logical line. It means that there are no space chars at the end of this line, and there may be some space chars at the beginning, despite of the -full option. -length integer Set the length of the logical line in the string to integer. integer must be a positive integer value. Defaults to 72. -strictlength boolean] If set to false (default), a line can exceed the specified -length if a single word is longer than -length. If set to true, words that are longer than -length are split so that no line exceeds the specified -length. ::textutil::adjust::readPatterns filename Loads the internal storage for hyphenation patterns with the contents of the file filename. This has to be done prior to calling command ::textutil::adjust::adjust with "-hyphenate true", or the hyphenation process will not work correctly. The package comes with a number of predefined pattern files, and the command ::textutil::adjust::listPredefined can be used to find out their names. ::textutil::adjust::listPredefined This command returns a list containing the names of the hyphenation files coming with this package. ::textutil::adjust::getPredefined filename Use this command to query the package for the full path name of the hyphenation file filename coming with the package. Only the filenames found in the list returned by ::textutil::adjust::listPredefined are legal arguments for this command. ::textutil::adjust::indent string prefix ?skip? Each line in the string is indented by adding the string prefix at its beginning. The modified string is returned as the result of the command. If skip is specified the first skip lines are left untouched. The default for skip is 0, causing the modification of all lines. Neg- ative values for skip are treated like 0. In other words, skip > 0 creates a hanging indentation. Together with ::textutil::adjust::adjust it is possible to create properly wrapped paragraphs with arbitrary indentations. ::textutil::adjust::undent string The command computes the common prefix for all lines in string consisting solely out of whitespace, removes this from each line and returns the modified string. Lines containing only whitespace are always reduced to completely empty lines. They and empty lines are also ignored when computing the prefix to remove. Together with ::textutil::adjust::adjust it is possible to create properly wrapped paragraphs with arbitrary indentations. BUGS, IDEAS, FEEDBACK This document, and the package it describes, will undoubtedly contain bugs and other problems. Please report such in the category textutil of the Tcllib SF Trackers [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=12883]. Please also report any ideas for enhancements you may have for either package and/or documentation. SEE ALSO
regexp(n), split(n), string(n) KEYWORDS
TeX, adjusting, formatting, hyphenation, indenting, justification, paragraph, string, undenting CATEGORY
Text processing textutil 0.7 textutil::adjust(n)
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