LAST, LASTB(1)							   User Commands						    LAST, LASTB(1)

NAME

       last, lastb - show a listing of last logged in users

SYNOPSIS

       last [options] [username...] [tty...]
       lastb [options] [username...] [tty...]

DESCRIPTION

       last searches back through the /var/log/wtmp file (or the file designated by the -f option) and displays a list of all users logged in (and
       out) since that file was created.  One or more usernames and/or ttys can be given, in which case last will show only the  entries  matching
       those arguments.  Names of ttys can be abbreviated, thus last 0 is the same as last tty0.

       When  catching  a  SIGINT  signal  (generated  by  the interrupt key, usually control-C) or a SIGQUIT signal, last will show how far it has
       searched through the file; in the case of the SIGINT signal last will then terminate.

       The pseudo user reboot logs in each time the system is rebooted.  Thus last reboot will show a log of all the reboots since  the  log  file
       was created.

       lastb is the same as last, except that by default it shows a log of the /var/log/btmp file, which contains all the bad login attempts.

OPTIONS

       -a, --hostlast
	      Display the hostname in the last column.	Useful in combination with the --dns option.

       -d, --dns
	      For non-local logins, Linux stores not only the host name of the remote host, but its IP number as well.	This option translates the
	      IP number back into a hostname.

       -f, --file file
	      Tell last to use a specific file instead of /var/log/wtmp.  The --file option can be given multiple times, and all of the  specified
	      files will be processed.

       -F, --fulltimes
	      Print full login and logout times and dates.

       -i, --ip
	      Like --dns , but displays the host's IP number instead of the name.

       -number
       -n, --limit number
	      Tell last how many lines to show.

       -p, --present time
	      Display the users who were present at the specified time.  This is like using the options --since and --until together with the same
	      time.

       -R, --nohostname
	      Suppresses the display of the hostname field.

       -s, --since time
	      Display the state of logins since the specified time.  This is useful, e.g., to easily determine who was logged in at  a	particular
	      time.  The option is often combined with --until.

       -t, --until time
	      Display the state of logins until the specified time.

       --time-format format
	      Define  the  output  timestamp format to be one of notime, short, full, or iso.  The notime variant will not print any timestamps at
	      all, short is the default, and full is the same as the --fulltimes option.  The iso variant will display the timestamp  in  ISO-8601
	      format.  The ISO format contains timezone information, making it preferable when printouts are investigated outside of the system.

       -w, --fullnames
	      Display full user names and domain names in the output.

       -x, --system
	      Display the system shutdown entries and run level changes.

TIME FORMATS

       The options that take the time argument understand the following formats:

       YYYYMMDDhhmmss
       YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss
       YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm      (seconds will be set to 00)
       YYYY-MM-DD	     (time will be set to 00:00:00)
       hh:mm:ss 	     (date will be set to today)
       hh:mm		     (date will be set to today, seconds to 00)
       now
       yesterday	     (time is set to 00:00:00)
       today		     (time is set to 00:00:00)
       tomorrow 	     (time is set to 00:00:00)
       +5min
       -5days

NOTES

       The files wtmp and btmp might not be found.  The system only logs information in these files if they are present.  This is a local configu-
       ration issue.  If you want the files to be used, they can be created with a simple touch(1) command (for example, touch /var/log/wtmp).

FILES

       /var/log/wtmp
       /var/log/btmp

AUTHOR

       Miquel van Smoorenburg <miquels@cistron.nl>

AVAILABILITY

       The last command is part of the util-linux package and is available from Linux Kernel Archive <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-
       linux/>.

SEE ALSO

       login(1), wtmp(5), init(8), shutdown(8)

util-linux							   October 2013 						    LAST, LASTB(1)