XXD(1)							      General Commands Manual							    XXD(1)

NAME

       xxd - make a hexdump or do the reverse.

SYNOPSIS

       xxd -h[elp]
       xxd [options] [infile [outfile]]
       xxd -r[evert] [options] [infile [outfile]]

DESCRIPTION

       xxd  creates  a	hex  dump of a given file or standard input.  It can also convert a hex dump back to its original binary form.	Like uuen-
       code(1) and uudecode(1) it allows the transmission of binary data in a `mail-safe' ASCII representation, but has the advantage of  decoding
       to standard output.  Moreover, it can be used to perform binary file patching.

OPTIONS

       If  no infile is given, standard input is read.	If infile is specified as a `-' character, then input is taken from standard input.  If no
       outfile is given (or a `-' character is in its place), results are sent to standard output.

       Note that a "lazy" parser is used which does not check for more than the first option letter, unless the option is followed by a parameter.
       Spaces  between	a  single option letter and its parameter are optional.  Parameters to options can be specified in decimal, hexadecimal or
       octal notation.	Thus -c8, -c 8, -c 010 and -cols 8 are all equivalent.

       -a | -autoskip
	      toggle autoskip: A single '*' replaces nul-lines.  Default off.

       -b | -bits
	      Switch to bits (binary digits) dump, rather than hexdump.  This option writes octets as eight digits "1"s and "0"s instead of a nor-
	      mal hexadecimal dump. Each line is preceded by a line number in hexadecimal and followed by an ascii (or ebcdic) representation. The
	      command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this mode.

       -c cols | -cols cols
	      format <cols> octets per line. Default 16 (-i: 12, -ps: 30, -b: 6). Max 256.

       -E | -EBCDIC
	      Change the character encoding in the righthand column from ASCII to EBCDIC.  This does not change  the  hexadecimal  representation.
	      The option is meaningless in combinations with -r, -p or -i.

       -e     Switch  to  little-endian  hexdump.  This option treats byte groups as words in little-endian byte order.  The default grouping of 4
	      bytes may be changed using -g.  This option only applies to hexdump, leaving the ASCII (or EBCDIC)  representation  unchanged.   The
	      command line switches -r, -p, -i do not work with this mode.

       -g bytes | -groupsize bytes
	      separate	the output of every <bytes> bytes (two hex characters or eight bit-digits each) by a whitespace.  Specify -g 0 to suppress
	      grouping.  <Bytes> defaults to 2 in normal mode, 4 in little-endian mode and 1 in bits mode.  Grouping does not apply to	postscript
	      or include style.

       -h | -help
	      print a summary of available commands and exit.  No hex dumping is performed.

       -i | -include
	      output  in  C  include file style. A complete static array definition is written (named after the input file), unless xxd reads from
	      stdin.

       -l len | -len len
	      stop after writing <len> octets.

       -o offset
	      add <offset> to the displayed file position.

       -p | -ps | -postscript | -plain
	      output in postscript continuous hexdump style. Also known as plain hexdump style.

       -r | -revert
	      reverse operation: convert (or patch) hexdump into binary.  If not writing to stdout, xxd writes into its output file without  trun-
	      cating it. Use the combination -r -p to read plain hexadecimal dumps without line number information and without a particular column
	      layout. Additional Whitespace and line-breaks are allowed anywhere.

       -seek offset
	      When used after -r: revert with <offset> added to file positions found in hexdump.

       -s [+][-]seek
	      start at <seek> bytes abs. (or rel.) infile offset.  + indicates that the seek is relative to the current stdin file position (mean-
	      ingless  when  not  reading  from stdin).  - indicates that the seek should be that many characters from the end of the input (or if
	      combined with +: before the current stdin file position).  Without -s option, xxd starts at the current file position.

       -u     use upper case hex letters. Default is lower case.

       -v | -version
	      show version string.

CAVEATS

       xxd -r has some builtin magic while evaluating line number information.	If the output file is seekable, then the linenumbers at the  start
       of  each  hexdump line may be out of order, lines may be missing, or overlapping. In these cases xxd will lseek(2) to the next position. If
       the output file is not seekable, only gaps are allowed, which will be filled by null-bytes.

       xxd -r never generates parse errors. Garbage is silently skipped.

       When editing hexdumps, please note that xxd -r skips everything on the input line after reading enough columns  of  hexadecimal	data  (see
       option  -c). This also means, that changes to the printable ascii (or ebcdic) columns are always ignored. Reverting a plain (or postscript)
       style hexdump with xxd -r -p does not depend on the correct number of columns. Here anything that looks like a pair of hex-digits is inter-
       preted.

       Note the difference between
       % xxd -i file
       and
       % xxd -i < file

       xxd  -s	+seek  may  be different from xxd -s seek, as lseek(2) is used to "rewind" input.  A '+' makes a difference if the input source is
       stdin, and if stdin's file position is not at the start of the file by the time xxd is started and given its input.  The following examples
       may help to clarify (or further confuse!)...

       Rewind stdin before reading; needed because the `cat' has already read to the end of stdin.
       % sh -c "cat > plain_copy; xxd -s 0 > hex_copy" < file

       Hexdump from file position 0x480 (=1024+128) onwards.  The `+' sign means "relative to the current position", thus the `128' adds to the 1k
       where dd left off.
       % sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +128 > hex_snippet" < file

       Hexdump from file position 0x100 ( = 1024-768) on.
       % sh -c "dd of=plain_snippet bs=1k count=1; xxd -s +-768 > hex_snippet" < file

       However, this is a rare situation and the use of `+' is rarely needed.  The author prefers to monitor the effect of xxd with  strace(1)	or
       truss(1), whenever -s is used.

EXAMPLES

       Print everything but the first three lines (hex 0x30 bytes) of file.
       % xxd -s 0x30 file

       Print 3 lines (hex 0x30 bytes) from the end of file.
       % xxd -s -0x30 file

       Print 120 bytes as continuous hexdump with 20 octets per line.
       % xxd -l 120 -ps -c 20 xxd.1
       2e54482058584420312022417567757374203139
       39362220224d616e75616c207061676520666f72
       20787864220a2e5c220a2e5c222032317374204d
       617920313939360a2e5c22204d616e2070616765
       20617574686f723a0a2e5c2220202020546f6e79
       204e7567656e74203c746f6e79407363746e7567

       Hexdump the first 120 bytes of this man page with 12 octets per line.
       % xxd -l 120 -c 12 xxd.1
       0000000: 2e54 4820 5858 4420 3120 2241  .TH XXD 1 "A
       000000c: 7567 7573 7420 3139 3936 2220  ugust 1996"
       0000018: 224d 616e 7561 6c20 7061 6765  "Manual page
       0000024: 2066 6f72 2078 7864 220a 2e5c	for xxd"..
       0000030: 220a 2e5c 2220 3231 7374 204d  ".." 21st M
       000003c: 6179 2031 3939 360a 2e5c 2220  ay 1996.."
       0000048: 4d61 6e20 7061 6765 2061 7574  Man page aut
       0000054: 686f 723a 0a2e 5c22 2020 2020  hor:.."
       0000060: 546f 6e79 204e 7567 656e 7420  Tony Nugent
       000006c: 3c74 6f6e 7940 7363 746e 7567  <tony@sctnug

       Display just the date from the file xxd.1
       % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
       0000036: 3231 7374 204d 6179 2031 3939 36  21st May 1996

       Copy input_file to output_file and prepend 100 bytes of value 0x00.
       % xxd input_file | xxd -r -s 100 > output_file

       Patch the date in the file xxd.1
       % echo "0000037: 3574 68" | xxd -r - xxd.1
       % xxd -s 0x36 -l 13 -c 13 xxd.1
       0000036: 3235 7468 204d 6179 2031 3939 36  25th May 1996

       Create a 65537 byte file with all bytes 0x00, except for the last one which is 'A' (hex 0x41).
       % echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r > file

       Hexdump this file with autoskip.
       % xxd -a -c 12 file
       0000000: 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000  ............
       *
       000fffc: 0000 0000 40		       ....A

       Create a 1 byte file containing a single 'A' character.	The number after '-r -s' adds to the linenumbers found in the file; in effect, the
       leading bytes are suppressed.
       % echo "010000: 41" | xxd -r -s -0x10000 > file

       Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to hexdump a region marked between `a' and `z'.
       :'a,'z!xxd

       Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover a binary hexdump marked between `a' and `z'.
       :'a,'z!xxd -r

       Use xxd as a filter within an editor such as vim(1) to recover one line of a hexdump.  Move the cursor over the line and type:
       !!xxd -r

       Read single characters from a serial line
       % xxd -c1 < /dev/term/b &
       % stty < /dev/term/b -echo -opost -isig -icanon min 1
       % echo -n foo > /dev/term/b

RETURN VALUES

       The following error values are returned:

       0      no errors encountered.

       -1     operation not supported ( xxd -r -i still impossible).

       1      error while parsing options.

       2      problems with input file.

       3      problems with output file.

       4,5    desired seek position is unreachable.

SEE ALSO

       uuencode(1), uudecode(1), patch(1)

WARNINGS

       The tools weirdness matches its creators brain.	Use entirely at your own risk. Copy files. Trace it. Become a wizard.

VERSION

       This manual page documents xxd version 1.7

AUTHOR

       (c) 1990-1997 by Juergen Weigert
       <jnweiger@informatik.uni-erlangen.de>

       Distribute freely and credit me,
       make money and share with me,
       lose money and don't ask me.

       Manual page started by Tony Nugent
       <tony@sctnugen.ppp.gu.edu.au> <T.Nugent@sct.gu.edu.au>
       Small changes by Bram Moolenaar.  Edited by Juergen Weigert.

Manual page for xxd						    August 1996 							    XXD(1)